Allergy & Skin Focus

Top 7 Food Allergies in Children

2008-12-28T23:50:00.000-08:00

Allergy to egg, milk, soy, wheat, peanut and tree nuts represents 90% of all food allergies in children. Fish and shellfish are two other commonly seen food allergies, usually more common in adults. Each of these individual foods is discussed, including the prevalence, severity and potential outgrowth of the food allergy.
1. Milk
Allergy to cow’s milk is common in children, affecting about 2.5 percent of all infants. These children tend to also react to other milks, such as goat and sheep milk. The allergy is usually directed against one or both major milk proteins, casein and whey. The sugar in milk, lactose, does not cause allergy, but can cause food intolerance.
While 85% of children will outgrow milk allergy by age 5, being allergic to milk is a risk factor for developing other food allergies, as well as nasal allergies. Up to 10% of cow's milk allergic children will be allergic to beef.
2. Egg
Allergy to egg is the most common food allergy in children, affecting about 2.5 percent of young children. Children may be allergic to the white, yolk, or both. Many will outgrow the egg allergy by age 5, although these children are at increased risk of developing nasal allergies and asthma.
The influenza vaccine is the only routine immunization which should not be given to egg allergic children. The MMR vaccine, which was once was a concern in egg-allergic children, does not require any special procedures and typically can safely be given to children with egg allergy.
Find out how to follow a egg-free diet.
3. Soy
Soy is a legume, and related to peanut, although cross-reactivity rarely exists between the two. Allergy to soy affects approximately 0.3 percent of children, is usually outgrown at a young age, and rarely causes life-threatening reactions. Because soy is a common food allergy, and can occur in children also allergic to milk, infant formulas using hydrolyzed proteins are preferred in infants allergic to cow’s milk.
Find out how to follow a soy-free diet.
4. Wheat
Children and adults can experience a variety of immunologic reactions to wheat protein, only some of which are allergic. Wheat allergy is commonly outgrown at an early age, and it is rare for children with wheat allergy to be clinically allergic to other cereal grains (such as rice, oat and barley), although skin testing to these other grains may be positive.
Find out how to follow a wheat-free diet.
5. Peanut
Allergy to peanut occurs in approximately 0.6 percent of all people, and tends to cause a severe form of food allergy. Peanut allergy can be associated with life-threatening allergic reactions, particularly in children with asthma. Only about 20 percent of children outgrow peanut allergy, making it the most common food allergy seen in adults.
Accidental exposure to peanut containing foods is a common problem, so it is important for peanut allergic children to follow a strict peanut-free diet, wear a medical alert bracelet and always have injectable epinephrine available.
6. Tree Nut
Tree nut allergy occurs in approximately 0.5 percent of all people, tends to be severe and is less likely to be outgrown. There is a high likelihood that if a child is allergic to one type of tree nut, he or she will be allergic to another type of tree nut. While tree nuts and peanuts are unrelated foods, cross-contamination is a concern, so some experts recommend a complete “nut free” diet in children with either peanut or tree nut allergy.
7. Seafood
Allergy to seafood includes both fish and shellfish. While fish and shellfish are not related foods, these foods are usually found in the same place (restaurants). Reactions to seafood can be severe and potentially life-threatening. Allergy to either of these foods is less likely to be outgrown, and therefore is commonly seen in adults.
Since patients with allergy to one shellfish are at a high risk of being allergic to other shellfish, complete avoidance of this category of foods is advised. The same is true for allergy to fish; however, exceptions exist for both.

Do People With Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) Get More Skin Infections?

2008-12-28T23:44:00.000-08:00

Question: Do People With Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) Get More Skin Infections?
Answer: Yes, people with atopic dermatitis are more prone to infections of the skin, particularly those of the viral, bacterial and fungal kind.

In people with atopic dermatitis, the immune system is more focused on allergies than fighting infections. This means that the skin has less infection-fighting chemicals, giving various bacteria -- especially Staphylococcus aureus -- any easier shot at colonizing.

Colonization and infection by Staphylococcus aureus causes various problems in people with atopic dermatitis. This bacterium not only causes skin infections, such as impetigo, but also produces bacterial toxins to which many people with atopic dermatitis are allergic. These bacterial toxins can worsen eczema, and treatment with antibiotics can improve symptoms in people with bacterial colonization even if there is no obvious skin infection.
Fungal infections, such as tinea and yeast infections, are also more common in people with atopic dermatitis. This may be partially due to the use of topical steroids, which can suppress the immune system of the skin, but it may also be because of the lack of special infection-fighting chemicals in the skin of people with atopic dermatitis. Treatment of fungal infections can improve the symptoms of atopic dermatitis.

Viral infections are also more common in people with atopic dermatitis. These infections can be on certain areas of the skin, such as is the case with herpes infections and molluscu contagiosum, but can also involve the entire body, as they are with eczema herpeticum. People with atopic dermatitis and severe herpes infections may require oral or intravenous antiviral medications to treat these infections.

Lastly, people with atopic skin are also more susceptible to infection, because the barrier function of atopic skin is compromised. This means that the disease itself causes breaks in the skin, where infection-causing microorganisms can enter.

What are Elidel and Protopic?

2008-12-28T23:39:00.000-08:00

Elidel (pimecrolimus) and Protopic (tacrolimus) are topical medications used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema). These medications, called topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs) were the first non-steroid topical medications developed to treat eczema.
Unlike topical steroids, TCIs do not cause skin thinning, pigment changes, blood vessel formation, striae formation, or loss of response with prolonged use. TCIs are also not absorbed into the body to any significant degree, unlike topical steroids. In addition, TCIs can be used on any skin, including the face and eyelids.
Elidel and Protopic are topical versions of calcineurin inhibitors, which are medications used to suppress the immune system in people receiving organ transplants as well as for people with autoimmune diseases. These medications, such as cyclosporine, can have severe side effects, including causing various forms of cancer.
While Elidel and Protopic were only approved for use in people two years and older, many doctors used these medications for infants and younger toddlers. These medications became very popular due to the lack of side effects compared to topical steroids.
Learn the basics of atopic dermatitis.
What Risks are Associated with Elidel and Protopic?
Elidel and Protopic both currently have a “black box” warning, which is a precautionary statement given to the medication by the Food and Drug Administration. This warning came about as a result of reports of children and adults who developed cancer (such as skin cancers and lymphomas) while using these medications.
The decision of the FDA to give these medications a “black box” warning was quite controversial, and went against recommendations from the professional societies of allergists and dermatologists. The reason for this was because the available data did not support that TCIs caused any increase in the risk of any form of cancer. The rate of cancer development occurring in people using Elidel and Protopic was actually below the rate expected in the general population, and the types of cancers seen were not the types seen in people using cyclosporine.
In addition, even when TCIs are used over large areas of the body, the medication cannot be detected in the bloodstream. There is also no evidence that TCIs suppress the body’s immune system whatsoever, which is probably the main reason why oral forms of these medications cause cancer.
Despite any real scientific basis for the FDA’s “black box” warning, however, Elidel and Protopic were being used by doctors for purposes for which they were never intended. These medications were probably over-prescribed for just about any itchy rash in children and adults, which is inappropriate. TCIs are still very useful medications, and I frequently prescribe these medications in my practice.
When Should Elidel and Protopic Be Used?
Elidel and Protopic are indicated as second choice treatments (topical steroids are first choice) for atopic dermatitis in adults and children two years and older. These medications should only be used for short-term flares of eczema, and should not replace the liberal use of moisturizers to maintain good skin hydration.
I tend to use Elidel and Protopic more often for skin that is prone to side effects from topical steroids, especially the thin skin on the face and eyelids and in body folds such as the armpits and groin. Because TCIs are more expensive (and there is no generic form), I tend to use cheaper topical steroids for other areas on the body with thicker skin, such as the arms, legs, hands, feet, neck and trunk.
I also discuss the above risks with any patients and parents of children for whom I prescribe Elidel and Protopic. While in general I do not have serious concerns regarding the safety of these medications (see above for my reasoning), it is the right of my patients to know what I know. I also want my patients to hear the risks of these medications from me, rather than from the internet, where they might find false information.

How Do I Know if My Child Has Allergies?

2008-12-19T02:13:00.000-08:00

Does Your Child Have Allergies?

By Daniel More, MD, About.com

The Progression of Allergies in Children

Allergies present in different ways in different age groups. In infants and young children, allergic disease occurs as atopic dermatitis or as food allergies. Children with atopic dermatitis are at increased risk of developing allergies and asthma, which are more likely to occur in the toddler years to school-age. This pattern of progression from one form of allergic disease to another is referred to as the “atopic march”. Atopic is a term that physicians use to mean that someone is allergic to various things (foods, environmental triggers such as pollens, molds and pet dander, for example).

Atopic Dermatitis

Typically this is the earliest manifestation of allergies, is seen in 10 to 20 percent of all children, and frequently seen during infancy. Atopic dermatitis, or eczema, is characterized by itching, with rash formation at the sites of scratching. The rash is typically red and dry, may have small blisters, and can flake and ooze over time.

In infants and very young children, this rash involves the face (especially the cheeks), chest and trunk, back of the scalp and may involve the arms and legs. This distribution reflects where the child is able to scratch, and therefore usually spares the diaper area. The location of the rash changes in older children to classically involve the skin in front of the elbows and behind the knees. Food and environmental allergies have been shown to worsen atopic dermatitis.

Food Allergies

Food allergies can also present in infants and young children, and usually occur after the introduction of solid foods. Almost all children with food allergies will have some form of skin symptoms as a result of eating the culprit food, such as hives, swelling, itching or redness of the skin. These symptoms typically occur within a few minutes of eating the food in question, although can be delayed up to a couple of hours.

Other symptoms of food allergies in young children can include nausea, vomiting, stomach aches, diarrhea, breathing difficulties (asthma symptoms), runny nose, sneezing, and lightheadedness. In some cases children can experience a severe allergic reaction, called anaphylaxis, which can be lifethreatening.

Nasal Allergies

Allergic rhinitis will occur in about 50 percent of those children with atopic dermatitis. While most children won’t start to experience allergic rhinitis until grade school age, some children develop it sooner. Most children with allergic rhinitis experience symptoms from pets, dust and mold at an earlier age and from pollens at a later age.

Symptoms of allergic rhinitis include sneezing, runny nose, itchy nose and eyes and nasal congestion. Some children may also experience post-nasal drip, allergic shiners (dark circles under the eyes), and a line across the nasal bridge from an upward rubbing of the palm of the hand on the nose, a sign called the “allergic salute”.

Asthma

Asthma occurs in about 8% of all people, and is the most common chronic disease in children. The majority of cases of asthma are due to allergies. In fact, 1 in 4 children with allergic rhinitis will develop asthma. Asthma can occur at any age, although is most often seen in males in the pre-teen years and in females in the teenage years. Sometimes asthma is difficult to diagnose in very young children, and may require a physician who is an asthma specialist.

Symptoms of asthma may include:

• Coughing. This can be the only symptom in some children who have “cough-variant asthma”. The cough is often dry, hacking, and worse at night and after exercise. Some children cough so hard that it causes them to vomit. Keep in mind that there are many causes of a cough, and not all coughing is due to asthma.

• Wheezing. This is a high-pitched, musical-like sound that can occur with breathing in and out in children with asthma. This usually gets worse with other asthma symptoms, and flares with exercise and other asthma triggers. Keep in mind that not all wheezing is due to asthma.

• Shortness of breath. Some children may get out of breath faster than their friends, and as a result become less active. Children with more severe asthma have shortness of breath at rest or wake-up with this during the night.

• Chest tightness. A child may describe this as a feeling of someone squeezing or hugging them. Other children say that the chest hurts or feels “funny”.

• Other symptoms that are not specific to asthma include infants with feeding difficulties, children who are tired all of the time or who avoid sports and other activities, and children who have difficulty sleeping.

If your child is experiencing any of the above signs or symptoms, he or she may have allergies. It is recommended to see your child’s doctor so that a diagnosis can be made, or a referral sent to an allergist/immunologist for specialized allergy testing.

The Basics of Atopic Dermatitis

2008-12-19T02:10:00.000-08:00

By Daniel More, MD, About.com

Overview

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, recurrent skin disease which commonly occurs in infancy and early childhood but can continue or start in adults. Like other allergies and asthma, atopic dermatitis tends to run in families. The skin rash associated with atopic dermatitis is called eczema.

It is important to note that atopic dermatitis is not a rash that itches. Rather, it is an itch, that when scratched, results in a rash. Therefore, if the itching can be controlled, and there is no scratching, there will be no rash (eczema).

Atopic dermatitis is very common in childhood, affecting up to 20% of kids, usually before the age of 5. The disease is less common in adults, affecting only 1 to 3% of the population, although can start at any age. It is rare to see atopic dermatitis in adults over 50 years of age.

In general, when atopic dermatitis occurs in infants, it usually is more severe, although many cases resolve or improve in later childhood. Children with atopic dermatitis are much more likely to have other allergic diseases, including allergic rhinitis and asthma.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of atopic dermatitis is made by the history of the symptoms and the examination of the patient by a physician. There is no laboratory test to diagnose this condition.

There are three criteria that must be present in order to diagnose atopic dermatitis:

Atopy.

Pruritis.

Eczema.

Location of Eczema

The location of eczema is dependent on the area of the body that is scratched. In infants and very young children this rash involves the face (especially the cheeks), chest and trunk, back of the scalp and may involve the arms and legs. This distribution reflects where the child is able to scratch, and therefore usually spares the diaper area.

In older children and adults, the location of the rash changes to classically involve the skin in front of the elbows and behind the knees. Eczema can also involve the face (especially the eyelids), and may be limited to the palms of the hands and soles of the feet in certain people.

Triggers for Itching

Itching of the skin can be caused by irritants, infections, allergies and stress. Irritants cause itching through direct stimulation of the skin, and include harsh soaps, chemicals, wool fabrics, heat and sweating. Avoidance of these irritants through use of gentle soaps, wearing cotton clothing, and keeping cool and dry can help prevent itching.

People with atopic dermatitis are more susceptible to skin infections by various bacterial, fungal and viral infections. Many are have large amounts of a common skin bacterium, called Staphylococcus aureus, which can worsen the itching and eczema. Herpes infections (similar to the kind that causes cold sores) and the virus responsible for chicken pox and shingles can cause severe skin infections in people with atopic dermatitis.

Allergies can be a significant trigger for itching in people with atopic dermatitis. Usually allergens that come in direct contact with the skin, such as animal danger and dust mites, cause the most problems, although pollens and mold spores in the air can also worsen the condition.

Food allergies can also be a major trigger for people with atopic dermatitis, particularly in children. Egg and milk allergy are the most common food allergies in children worsening eczema, although other food allergies are also common.

Allergy testing is an important part of the evaluation of patients with atopic dermatitis, and avoidance of these triggers, both environmental and food allergens, can significantly improve the disease.

Common Allergic Rashes

2008-12-19T02:05:00.000-08:00

By Daniel More, MD, About.com

This person has atopic dermatitis on the arms. Red, scaly plaques can be seen on the inside of the elbows. In adults, atopic dermatitis usually involves the body creases, or flexural areas.

There are many types of itchy skin rashes. However, not all rashes that itch are related to skin allergies. The following are the most common types of allergic skin rashes.

Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)

Atopic dermatitis frequently occurs in young children, although may start in young adults, and can continue into adult life.

The rash of atopic dermatitis, often called eczema, occurs where a person scratches. In infancy, the rash occurs on the chest, cheeks and scalp, where the child is able to scratch. Older children and adult typically have the rash in the skin folds of the elbows and behind the knees, although may also occur on the face, neck, hands, feet and back.

The rash is red, often flakes or oozes, and has small blisters or bumps. There are often excoriations, or areas of broken skin, from aggressive scratching.

Urticaria (Hives) and Angioedema (Swelling)

Urticaria, commonly called hives, is an itchy rash that can occur at any age. This rash appears as raised red bumps of various shapes and sizes, and typically lasts for only minutes to hours. While it can be very itchy, a person will generally not excoriate (scratch to the point of breaking the skin and cause bleeding) themselves.

The swelling that sometimes goes along with urticaria is called angioedema, and often involves the lips, the eyes, and the hands and feet. Angioedema is usually not itchy or red, it tends to burn, sting or cause a tingling sensation. Severe swelling that blocks the ability to breathe can be dangerous and even life-threatening.

Contact Dermatitis

Contact dermatitis is caused from skin contact with a substance that causes a rash-like reaction. People react to a variety of chemicals, including cosmetics, hair dye, metals, topical medications and dental materials. An example of a contact dermatitis is a rash from poison ivy, which is an extremely itchy and appears as blisters that ooze and crust after contact with plants of the Toxicodendron family.

A contact dermatitis rash may look like atopic dermatitis, but the rash is typically located only in the area of contact with the offending chemical. Common locations include the face, especially the eyelids, neck, hands and feet. Contact dermatitis to metals, such as in jewelry or snaps/buttons/zippers on clothing, commonly occurs on the neck, wrists/hands, earlobes and at the waistline.

Itching Without a Rash

It is a relatively common problem for people to have itching without a rash being present. The medical term for itching is pruritus, and this symptoms can represent a skin problem, or even an internal disease within the body.

When the itching is limited to a certain area of the body, the most likely reason is a disease process limited to the skin. The area of the body that itches often gives a big clue as to the cause of the itching.

Pruritus the involves the entire body may still represent a disease of the skin, or may be caused by metabolic problems such as thyroid disease or iron deficiency. Many medications can cause itching, particularly pain medications like codeine and morphine.

Atopic Dermatitis Treatment With Medications

2008-12-15T03:33:00.000-08:00

By Heather Brannon, MD, About.com
Treating atopic dermatitis often requires a combination of home measures and medications, or other treatments. Because the skin in atopic dermatitis is "leaky," the foundation of treatment is improving the barrier function of the skin.
Basic Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis
Because the atopic dermatitis rash can come and go, different medications are often prescribed and used for various stages of the rash. The following are medications that may be prescribed to help manage the condition.
Topical Steroids
Topical steroids are still the first-line treatment for atopic dermatitis flares because they are effective at reducing the inflammation caused by this disease. Topical steroids come in 7 different strengths, and it is important to use the correct strength for the affected part of the body.
High-strength steroids are typically reserved for use on the arms and legs. Atopic dermatitis on the face and skin folds (armpits, groin, etc.) are usually treated with a low-strength steroid. More potent steroids are generally avoided when treating these areas, though limited and brief use -- prescribed by a dermatologist -- may help produce rapid results; patients can then be switched to a milder steroid.
Calcineurin Inhibitors
The calcineurin inhibitors are Protopic (tacrolimus) and Elidel (pimecrolimus). They are known as immunomodulators because they change some of the functions of the immune system that cause atopic dermatitis without suppressing the whole immune system. They should only be used during flare-ups.
Antihistamines
Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. It's important to note, however, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash.
Oral Antibiotics
Atopic dermatitis reduces the skin's natural defenses, making it easier for skin to become infected. If a person's atopic dermatitis is not improving as expected, this may be because the skin is infected. In this case, antibiotics are often prescribed. Antibiotics, such as Duricef(cefadroxil) or Keflex (cephalexin), are often prescribed at the first sign of infection.
Oral Steroids
Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used for more severe flares of atopic dermatitis. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face. Oral steroids used long term have numerous side effects, including weight gain, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. To avoid these side effects, but still benefit from the medication, oral steroids are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash. Topical steroids can then be used on the remaining rash.
Coal Tar
Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, has long been a treatment for a variety of skin conditions. Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help with mild cases of atopic dermatitis. Coal tar tends to work better on thickened skin that is not scaly, or to ease very early symptoms of itching. However, coal tar can be very irritating to already inflamed skin. It is OK to try coal tar for mild cases of atopic dermatitis, but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash.
Leukotriene Inhibitors
Leukotriene inhibitors, such as Singulair (montelukast) or Accolate (zafirlukast), are medications that may help reduce the inflammation that leads to atopic dermatitis. These medicines are often used to treat other allergy-related diseases, such as asthma and allergic rhinitis (seasonal allergies). Though they may be recommended by some, there is currently no good data that shows that leukotriene inhibitors improve atopic dermatitis.
Other Immune-Suppressing
MedicationsMany medications are being investigated to see if they can be used to treat atopic dermatitis. Most of them are used to treat other related diseases, such as psoriasis or allergic rhinitis. These medications include:
Cyclosporine
Interferon
Methotrexate
Azothiaprine

Atopic Dermatitis Home Treatment

2008-12-15T03:29:00.000-08:00

By Heather Brannon, MD, About.com
Atopic dermatitis is a persistent, itchy skin condition that comes and goes. Even though there is no cure for atopic dermatitis, with the right knowledge, it can be managed. This means that you can:
- Reduce itchiness, redness and scaling
- Go longer with normal, non-itchy skin
- Take care of flare-ups before they get worsen
First, Keep in Mind that Avoiding Allergens May Not HelpWe have long recommended various strategies to reduce exposure to certain allergens such as reducing dust mites, waiting to give solid foods to infants until they are older, restricting certain foods in the diet for moms who are pregnant or breastfeeding, breastfeeding as long as possible and avoiding pollen.
While these strategies seem to make sense based on our knowledge of what causes atopic dermatitis, recent medical studies do not clearly show that they actually help.

But Avoiding Known Triggers Is Helpful

Of course, if certain triggers have caused flare-ups in the past, it makes sense to avoid these triggers. Examples of common triggers include:
- Perfumes or scented skin care products
- Exposure to cats or dogs
- Known food allergies -- especially to milk, eggs, peanuts and shellfish
- Heat, perspiration, or low humidity
- Rough clothing, especially wool
- Viral skin infections such as herpes simplex
- Stress and anxiety

How to Minimize Scratching

To break the itch-scratch cycle, you have to stop scratching. For some people this may seem like an almost impossible goal, but here are some things that can help:
- Taking antihistamines like Benadryl or Zyrtec can help control itchiness and prevent scratching during sleep
- Cut your nails short
- Wear mittens at night to keep from scratching
- Use loose gauze wraps to protect the skin
- Slather on the right moisturizers to help with itching

Atopic Dermatitis Skin Care

Good skin care for atopic dermatitis is one of the most important measures you can take to keep flare-ups from starting. And if you do have a flare and need to use medication, if you've taken good care of your skin, it will heal faster.

Eczema Skin Care

2008-12-15T03:24:00.000-08:00

How to Take Good Care of Your Skin if You Have Eczema

By Heather Brannon, MD, About.com
It is important for people with eczema and their loved ones to understand how to take care of their skin because using the wrong soap or moisturizer can cause flare-ups that are itchy or painful. On the other hand, using the correct soap or moisturizer can calm down inflamed skin or prevent flare-ups.
Eczema - "Leaky Skin"
In general people who have eczema have "leaky skin," meaning the barrier function of their skin does not work well. Practically this means:
- Anything that goes on the skin soaks in to the deeper layers that activate the immune system.
- The skin loses water and the natural oils that normally moisturize it and keep it supple. These changes cause the skin to be drier than normal skin and more sensitive to anything that comes in contact with the skin.
Water - Good or Bad?
You would think that putting water on the skin would moisturize it more, but the opposite is true. Plain water that comes in contact with the skin evaporates and takes with it many of the skin's natural oils called natural moisturizing factor (NMF). The more often the skin has contact with water, the drier it gets unless those natural oils are replaced. But your skin has to come in contact with water when you bathe and wash your hands. Is it more important to bathe to clean the skin or avoid water to keep the skin moisturized? The following are some guidelines to follow when it comes to water contact:
- Water temperature should be tepid -- hotter water takes more oils away than cooler water.
- The length of contact should be short -- no long, hot showers especially if you have a flare-up.
- Using antibacterial gels for hand-washing does not cause the skin to dry out because the alcohol does not bind to NMF taking them away when it evaporates.
- When drying off, pat the skin dry with a towel until the skin is not dripping -- do not rub the skin vigorously.
- Use a good moisturizer on the skin immediately after any contact with water.
Soaps for Eczema
The effect of soap on the skin is not good for people with eczema. Most soaps, especially bar soaps, dry the skin out. Liquid cleansers are much less damaging to the skin than bar soaps. Using an emollient-rich liquid cleanser that leaves a moisturizer on the skin when the soap is washed off is the best choice for people with eczema. For specific product recommendations, see the best soaps for eczema.
Moisturizers for Eczema
Not only is it important to use a moisturizer often (up to three times a day), it is important to use one that does not contain perfumes, fragrances or essential oils, because these are all potentially very irritating to eczematous skin.
Moisturizer Recommendations
I don't have one moisturizer I would recommend over the others -- they all have pros and cons. The following are different types of moisturizers to consider:
The moisturizers for scaly eczema would be a good choice if you have a lot of flaking without a flare because they can sting if applied to open areas on the skin.
The emollient moisturizers are a low-cost option, especially if you are in the middle of a flare-up, because they are not irritating.
The new ceramide moisturizers help the skin heal faster during a flare, but the only low-cost option does not have published data proving it is effective. If you can afford them, these moisturizers would be a great choice with or without a flare.

Atopic Dermatitis Treatment Overview

2008-12-15T03:19:00.000-08:00

By Heather Brannon, MD, About.com
We are learning more and more about the best ways to treat atopic dermatitis - the most common form of eczema. Atopic dermatitis is never cured, but it can be managed. Taking care of your atopic dermatitis means learning about condition, practicing good skin care, and having appropriate medicine for flare-ups.
While a visit to the dermatology is often needed, after that, atopic dermatitis is one of those diseases that requires people to manage their (or their child's) condition on their own -- because changes can occur from day to day. Someone who knows how to manage their atopic dermatitis can do a lot to keep it under control.
Skin Care
More Important Than You ThinkThere is an astounding amount of research under way to help doctors understand the stratum corneum, the top layer of skin. Even more astounding is how complex this tiny layer -- about 10 cells thick -- is. Recent research has shown that using the right liquid cleansers and moisturizers in a consistent skin care routine can not only keep the skin from drying out as much, but also replace the skin's natural oils that are low in atopic dermatitis.

Things You Can Do at Home
Atopic dermatitis is known as "the itch that rashes." Managing itching is an important part of managing atopic dermatitis.

Medications for Atopic Dermatitis
Most people need medications at some point to manage their atopic dermatitis. Some people have to use medication every day because their atopic dermatitis is severe, while others only have to use medication for flare-ups. Often people have a range of medication they can use stronger ones for severe symptoms and milder ones for milder symptoms. It is important to know how and when to use the medications you are prescribed. If you ever have any question about your medication, you should always ask your doctor.

Aromatherapy For The Respiratory System

2008-12-15T02:50:00.000-08:00

By Kathi Keville, Mindy Green
Afflictions of the respiratory system include irritation and infection of the ears, nose and throat. Respiratory problems also may involve congestion, which can be decreased by inhaling rosemary (especially the verbenone type), hyssop (use var. decumbens only), tea tree, eucalyptus, lavender or peppermint. Cypress helps dry up a persistent runny nose, and peppermint, tea tree and eucalyptus reduce sinus infection. Anise and cypress help reduce coughing.
Many asthma sufferers wage a constant battle with low-level congestion. Don't use essential oils during an asthma attack, but between attacks try a chest rub of German chamomile, frankincense or lavender. The chamazulene in chamomile releases cortisone from the adrenals. During an asthma attack, give a bath or treat the feet with these oils. (Hyssop can also be used, but be careful to only use var. decumbens.)Ninety percent of respiratory ailments are caused by viruses. Oils of thyme, rosemary, peppermint, ravensare, tea tree, eucalyptus, bergamot, black pepper, melissa and hyssop inhibit most flu viruses. Lemon and eucalyptus oils are effective against bacteria that cause staph, strep and pneumonia infections. A 2-percent dilution makes an effective antiseptic gargle or vapor steam.
Steam treatment carries essential oils directly to sinuses and lungs, and provides warm, moist air to help open nasal and bronchial passages. To do a steam, boil a pan of water, turn off the heat, cool 1 minute, add 3-6 drops of essential oils to the water, and use a towel to corral the steam around your head as you breathe deeply. Essential oils can also be used in many humidifiers, or as an ingredient in steamy hot bath water.If steaming is impractical-at the office, say, or while traveling-inhale a tissue scented with the oils, or use a natural-products nasal inhaler. These are sold in natural food stores, or you can make your own:

Homemade Nasal Inhaler
- 2 drops eucalyptus
- 2 drops rosemary
- 1 drop peppermint
- 1 tablespoon rock salt
Place a few pieces of rock salt in a vial and add the oils. The salt will quickly absorb the oil. Inhale.
An aromatic diffuser-a glass piece (often hand-blown) connected to a small electrical compressor- disinfects the atmosphere by releasing droplets of essential oil as a cool, fine mist. One advantage to using a diffuser is that the essential oil vapor can be directed into the nose, throat or even ear passages. It can be turned on in a sickroom for 10 to 15 minutes every hour to clear airborne bacteria.
Do not use thick oils such as vetiver, sandalwood, vanilla, myrrh and benzoin in a diffuser unless they are diluted with a thin oil-such as the citruses, eucalyptus or rosemary-or mixed with alcohol. If oils sit too long in a diffuser, they oxidize and thicken. Also, expressed citrus oils often contain sediment that may clog a diffuser.
To clean or unclog it, soak the glass unit in alcohol and unplug the opening with a pin or toothpick. Rinse and air dry.Diluted essential oils can also be used as a throat spray through "nebulization." A nebulizer sprayer, with its long spout that reaches to the back of the throat, used to be a standard item in the home medicine cabinet. A perfume atomizer or spray bottle will work just as well.If you don't have a diffuser, simply combine water and essential oils in a spray bottle. Studies show that a two-percent dilution of eucalyptus oil kills 70 percent of airborne staph bacteria.

Disinfectant Room Spray
- 3 drops eucalyptus
- 1 drop peppermint
- 2 drops pine
- 1 drop tea tree
- 2 drops bergamot
- 1 ounce of waterCombine ingredients.
Shake well before using. The combination is also suitable as a chest rub. (Replace the water in this recipe with a carrier oil.)Generations of Europeans, especially singers, have gargled sage, thyme or marjoram tea sweetened with honey to relieve laryngitis and tonsillitis. A few drops of essential oils diluted in two ounces of water may also do the trick. In case of sore throat, gargle frequently, at least every half-hour.

Throat Spray/Gargle
- 1/2 cup thyme or sage herb tea
- 3 drops each cypress, lemon, tea treeShake well to disperse the oils before each use. For a gargle, half a teaspoon of salt may be dissolved into the solution.

For lung congestion a salve or a massage oil containing essential oils can be rubbed over the chest, back and throat. The oils will be absorbed through the skin and lungs as the vapor is inhaled. Place a flannel fabric on the chest after rubbing in the oil to increase warmth. Commercial "vapor balms" still use derivatives of essential oils (or their synthetic-oil counterparts), such as thymol from thyme and menthol from mint, in a petroleum ointment base. Natural alternatives are also sold in natural-food stores.

Vapor Balm
- 2 teaspoons peppermint oil
- 3 teaspoons eucalyptus oil1 teaspoon thyme oil (chemotype linalol is best)
- 1 cup olive oil
- 3/4 ounce beeswax

Melt beeswax into olive oil over very low heat. Cool a bit, add essential oils and stir. (Be sure to keep your face away from the oils as you stir them in.) Allow to harden. Store at room temperature.
Poultices are an age-old remedy for chest congestion. A ginger or onion compress on the chest breaks up lung congestion and makes breathing easier. Onions also help curb asthma and allergic reactions.

Poultice
- 1 onion, chopped and 1/4 cup ginger, gratedwater
Lightly cook together in a little water until soft. Cool slightly, mash and apply to the chest while still warm. Cover with a soft cloth.Herbal Adjuncts-Herbs that loosen mucus from the lungs include elecampane, horehound and mullein.

Respiratory relaxants, such as wild cherry bark and wild lettuce, are used in cases of extreme spasmodic coughing. Demulcent herbs, which soothe inflamed mucous membranes, include flaxseed, marshmallow root and licorice. Use these herbs in a tea, tincture, pills or syrup.

Allergies Are on the Increase

2008-12-15T02:30:00.000-08:00

By Jane Thurnell
A third of the population believe that they suffer from allergies, and even though some of these people may be mistaken, everyone agrees that eczema, asthma, hay fever, irritable bowel syndrome, etc. are now more and more common. So, what has happened?It is often unclear why a person has a tendency to be allergic or intolerant to a range of substances. Medical practitioners talk about atopic individuals - atopic means out of place. To the unknowing this sounds like a medical diagnosis, but in fact all it means is: You have a tendency to have allergies; you may have several different symptoms caused by your allergic reactions; this often runs in families; we don't know why. Describing someone as an atopic individual is not saying anything the person does not already know about themself!
Genetic Predisposition
Allergy problems undoubtedly do run in families, so there may be a genetic component, although the exact mechanism is not clearly understood. Some small genetic mutation can cause the immune system to be triggered more easily, so that family members sharing this mutation will all have a tendency to allergic reactions, although not necessarily to the same substances, but this does not explain the rise in the incidence of allergies in recent years.
Severe Virus Infections
A severe virus infection can lead to damage to the immune system, so that the individual is more likely to develop allergies in the future. Again, although this may explain why someone has allergies, the incidence of virus infections is not on the increase.So we have to look elsewhere to explain the rise, and there are several completely different possibilities.
Parasites
One allergy theory now being proposed is that the lack of the proper enemies (liver fluke, tapeworms, etc.) has led to an idle immune system finding inappropriate work in allergic reactions. There are many antibodies produced in the body to protect it against invasion by harmful organisms. IgE antibodies deal effectively and quickly with the extreme danger of infection by large parasites, such as tapeworms. Parasites' effect on health can be devastating, so over the years individuals with efficient IgE mechanisms have lived to reproduce and pass on their genes at a greater rate than people with a less efficient IgE mechanism.The IgE antibodies are also involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions, so people with these inherited efficient IgE mechanisms are more likely to suffer allergy problems than people who have inherited a less efficient system. This super-charged immune system was a plus for an asthma sufferer's distant ancestors inhabiting a world with many life-threatening parasites, but now leads to a trigger-happy immune system firing off inappropriately.Other practitioners (notably Hulda Clark in Cure For All Diseases) take the opposite view, and see many allergy symptoms as being a reaction to an infestation of parasites.
Excessive Cleanliness
The obsession with the danger of 'germs' is thought to have led to an increase in allergies. Much of this obsession with cleanliness seems to be driven by the media and advertising. Headlines about 'killer bugs', and advertisements that claim a product kills even more germs have led many people to buy more and more products to wipe out these dangerous enemies.A view now gaining ground among many researchers and some doctors is that a certain level of dirt is good for us, particularly during infancy and early childhood when the immune system is maturing.T-helper cells in the immune system recognize foreign antigens and then secrete substances to activate other cells to fight the invader. In pregnancy the T-helper cells that attack invaders directly without producing antibodies (Th1 cells) are less active, as these could lead the mother's system to reject the fetus.This means that the T-helper cells that are responsible for antibody reactions (Th2 cells) are more prominent. These are the ones that are involved in allergic reactions. The new baby's immune system has the same emphasis as the mother's had during pregnancy. It is believed that the exposure of the very young to some level of dirt is beneficial in that it helps to rebalance the immune system to emphasize the T-helper cells that are not involved in the allergy process.In an excellent article ('New Scientist' July 18th 1998) Garry Hamilton talks about 'the gentler side of germs'. If the young are not exposed to 'dirt', the immune system does not go through this rebalancing process, and a tendency to allergy can result. Linda Gamblin in 'The Allergy Bible' cites several medical research projects, which support the idea of allowing children to be exposed to dirt and minor infections to help protect against allergies.
Vaccination
Our children are now being vaccinated against a bigger and bigger range of diseases. While some of these are serious, many are mild illnesses that were once considered part of a normal childhood. Many alternative practitioners consider that these childhood illnesses help to prime the immune system so that it is better able to cope with a whole range of illnesses later in life.This view is not accepted by most of the medical profession, and indeed it would be difficult to prove. However, there is some evidence that vaccination alters the ratio of T-helper cells and T-suppresser cells. This would be likely to have an effect on the vaccinated child's susceptibility to allergy reactions. It is also known that most vaccines stimulate the branch of the immune system that is concerned with the more extreme immune reactions to invaders such as parasites (New Scientist July 18th 1998).
Ubiquitous Presence Of Some Foods
Before the advent of freezers and airfreight most people ate local foods in season. Now most fruit and vegetables are available all year round, so that our systems are exposed to the same foods continually without respite.There has been a dramatic increase in people experiencing soya allergy, since soya has become a common ingredient in many processed foods. In Europe and North America rice allergy is relatively uncommon, whereas in Asia where it is consumed more frequently it is much more common.
Technological Developments
Developments that make modern life more comfortable have also led to an increase in allergies. With the advent of air conditioning, central heating and wall-to-wall carpeting, house dust mites and moulds such as alternaria have an ideal environment in which to thrive. Modern offices with sealed windows mean that everyone is exposed to the perfumes worn by other people. The increasing use of plastics, formaldehyde, benzene etc. have led to all of us being exposed to an amazing variety of chemicals.
Contamination By Environmental Pollutants
The chemicals in diesel fumes are known to damage the outer membranes of pollens. This means that when the pollen is breathed in, the pollen proteins are immediately in much closer contact with the delicate membranes in the mouth, nose and lungs than they would be if the pollen had not been damaged in this way.It has now also been suggested that the immune system is reacting to some harmless substances because they have been contaminated by environmental pollution: the immune system does not recognize the food, for example, if it has molecules from tire rubber attached to it. These molecules sometimes appear similar to enzymes produced by parasites and so the immune system attacks the 'parasite'.Although more and more evidence is accumulating for a role for environmental pollutants, this does not explain why New Zealand, which is relatively unpolluted, has one of the highest incidences of asthma in the world.
Electro-Magnetic Pollution
An increase in electro-magnetic pollution has run parallel with the increase in allergies. The scientific jury is still out on the danger of mobile phones, power lines, etc., but many people are becoming more concerned about our constant exposure. People who are sensitive to computers, etc. often also show many symptoms typical of allergic individuals. In some cases correcting this sensitivity to electro-magnetic sources, results in all or most of the adverse reactions disappearing. (I recommend health kinesiology for this.)
Stress
The pace of life is quickening all the time: modern technology gives us more possibilities and many of us want to experience as many of these as we can. A survey found that half of the 950 young people in their 20's interviewed said that they would feel a failure if they did not own a home by 26, were not married by 27 and not both rich and parents by 29. Many of the interviewees said they were prepared to sacrifice a healthy diet and way of life to achieve this. These expectations and pressures are not conducive to long-term health and can also lead to stress and allergies. Pre-packaged, processed foods eaten in front of the television, too much alcohol, too little fresh air and exercise all take their toll.Sometimes particular traumatic events can explain a particular allergy. One of my clients was allergic to wool and tea. She told me that when she was a small child she had pulled a cup of hot tea on to herself. At the time she was wearing a wool sweater, and the tea soaked into the sweater and burnt her very badly.DietIt is now well known that bottle-fed babies are more likely to be prone to allergy problems than breast-fed ones. Sudden or early weaning can contribute to the problem too.Sadly the modern diet may be abundant in calories, but there is more and more evidence that it is low in some important nutrients. People are eating more pre-processed foods, which may be nutritionally compromised.Soil is becoming depleted of some minerals, because they have long been taken up by plants grown in the soil. If the mineral is not in the soil, it cannot be in the plant, and so it is not available in the foods we eat either.It is unlikely that there is one simple answer as to why people are allergic, intolerant or sensitive in general or to particular substances. Research is still being carried out in this fascinating area. Fortunately with the tools that are available it is not necessary to know why someone has allergy problems in order to be able to detect and correct them.
Jane Thurnell-Read is a writer and researcher on health, stress, alternative medicine, and happiness. Visit her web site http://www.healthandgoodness.com for tips and information on how to live a happier, healthier life no matter how busy you are.

Allergic Eczema - Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

2008-12-13T05:27:00.000-08:00

Allergic eczema appears in individuals who have a family history of allergy. Besides eczema, they may be have other manifestations of allergies such as asthma or seasonal sneezing as well.SymptomsWith children, it begins in the first year of life. The skin on the cheeks, scalp and at the creases of the body is dry and cracked. Because of itching and irritation, it is red and sometimes oozing.Initial lesions consist of dryness and redness over the skin with uniform pinhead-size eruptions. There is an oozing of serum from these lesions.Crusts form oozing vesicles there and the whole area gets infected with bacteria, producing pus. At this stage, the child not only has irritation locally but may also have a general reaction in the body in the form of fever.If the eruptions become chronic are aggravated by continued rubbing and scratching, swelling and thickening of the skin may result. Chronic lesions darken the colour of the skin as well.
Causes
Causes of allergic eczema may be susceptibility to certain foods, pollens and dusts or to certain substances with which the skin comes in contact, and in latent allergens in adults. Wool and nylon clothes are also known to aggravate the lesions in some cases.Among factors which often have an unfavourable influence on the course of the disease are rapid changes in temperature, emotional tensions, dusty environments, alkaline cleansing agents, including common toilet, soaps, contact with greasy topical medicaments and infections like cold and sinusitis. Diseases associated with high fever, however, often exert a temporary beneficial action.Diagnosis Diagnosis of the attending allergies, in these cases is very important in order to cure the condition. This is done by means of clinical tests for avoidance and re-exposure to the suspected items.
Treatment
Keeping the skin moist through applications of creams, oils and ointments is helpful.Antihistaminic creams also reduce itching and in severe cases, application of ointments containing corticosteroids proves helpful. Some of the commonly used substances that cause this reactions and the site of reaction are as follows!Substance ---> SiteStocking, shoes, chappals, clothing ---> Feet legs + bodyPlants, vegetables detergents, kerosene oil ---> HandsDeodorant ---> ArmpitsNecklace ---> NeckLipstick ---> LipsNose Drops ---> Nose and area the noseSpectacles ---> Bridge of the noseEarrings ---> EarlobesEye cosmetics ---> Eyelids and area around the eyesHair Dyes ---> Forehead, behind the ears and back of the neck, scalp

Got Red Eyes ? Allergic Conjunctivitis Is Treatable

2008-12-13T05:13:00.001-08:00

by: Brue Baker

Eye allergies affect millions of people every year. There are a few different eye allergies and allergic conjunctivitis is one of the most common. Although it does affect a lot of people allergic conjunctivitis happens to be one of the most treatable eye conditions, both in children and in adults. In order to treat conjunctivitis however, one must know the major causes. There are many different factors that can cause allergic conjunctivitis, including:* Viruses* Bacteria* Irritating substances* Sexually transmitted diseasesTreatment For Allergic ConjuctivitisThere are a few different treatment options when it comes to the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. One is topical decongestants, which are medicines that help to reduce redness in the eyes by constricting small blood vessels in the eye. As a result the eyes look less pink and are less irritated in general. However, these are not recommended for long term use and typically doctors will only suggest that the patient use them for a couple of weeks at the very most.
There are also many topical antihistamines that are available for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis which also help to reduce redness in the eyes but as well swelling and itching. There are topical steroids which are often recommended and which must be used with careful consideration because otherwise they can be potentially dangerous. The specific treatment plan for allergic conjunctivitis that is going to work best will have to be determined by a medical professional. Your doctor will take your personal characteristics into consideration as well as a number of other factors including how severe the condition is and how long you have been dealing with it for. All of these issues are going to play an important role not only in the matter of the doctor deciding on the appropriate treatment, but also on how you can prevent yourself from getting it again in the future.There are many other eye allergies that one can develop as well and of course prevention is always the best method. Some prevention methods include:* Washing your hands frequently (especially after meals and going to the bathroom)* Avoiding shaking hands as much as possible* Not using anyone else's cosmetics* Not using other people's personal items Just as one would to prevent a cold, it is important to stay guarded against bacteria and disease because this is how the conjunctivitis, allergic or not, begins. The best way to stay guarded is to amp up your immune system.
You can do this through exercise, following a healthy diet of organic fruits and vegetables as well as taking a natural immune booster such as Echinacea or Interferon. If you have already developed conjunctivitis make sure that you go see your doctor and follow any of their recommendations. Otherwise remember to follow the preventative measures listed above to keep you out of the doctor's office in the future. Good luck on you journey towards health and wellness!

10 Winter Skin Care Tips

2008-12-13T05:13:00.000-08:00

" The weather outside may be unsightly, but your skin doesn't have to be. How to banish dry skin and give your winter skin care regimen a boost."

By Susan Davis WebMD Feature
Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD

For many people, the cold clear days of winter bring more than just a rosy glow to the cheeks. They also bring uncomfortable dryness to the skin of the face, hands, and feet. For some people, the problem is worse than just a general tight, dry feeling: They get skin so dry it results in flaking, cracking, even eczema (in which the skin becomes inflamed).
"As soon as you turn the heat on indoors, the skin starts to dry out," Bonnie LaPlante, an esthetician with the Canyon Ranch resort in Lenox, Mass., tells WebMD. "It doesn't matter if you heat your home using oil, wood, or electricity. The skin gets dry."
Sound familiar? Read on to get WebMD's top 10 tips for boosting your winter skin care regimen, so that your skin stays moist and healthy through the winter months.
1. Seek a Specialist
If you go to your local drugstore, you'll be hard put to find a salesperson who can give you good advice. That's why going to an esthetician or dermatologist even once is a good investment. Such a specialist can analyze your skin type, troubleshoot your current skin care regimen, and give you advice on the skin care products you should be using.
But that doesn't mean you'll be stuck buying high-end products. "Inexpensive products work just as well as high-end ones," says David Voron, MD, a dermatologist in Arcadia, Calif. "In fact, the extra price you pay for the expensive stuff is often just for packaging and marketing. What's most important is how your skin responds to the product -- and how you like its feel, not how much money you paid for it."
2. Moisturize More
You may have found a moisturizer that works just fine in spring and summer. But as weather conditions change, so, too, should your skin care routine. Find an "ointment" moisturizer that's oil-based, rather than water-based, as the oil will create a protective layer on the skin that retains more moisture than a cream or lotion. (Hint: Many lotions labeled as "night creams" are oil-based.)
But choose your oils with care because not all oils are appropriate for the face. Instead, look for "nonclogging" oils, like avocado oil, mineral oil, primrose oil, or almond oil. Shea oil -- or butter -- is controversial, because it can clog facial pores. And vegetable shortening, LaPlante says, is a really bad idea. "It would just sit on the skin," she says. "And it would be really greasy."
You can also look for lotions containing "humectants," a class of substances (including glycerine, sorbitol, and alpha-hydroxy acids) that attract moisture to your skin.
3. Slather on the Sunscreen
No, sunscreen isn't just for summertime. Winter sun -- combined with snow glare -- can still damage your skin. Try applying a broad-spectrum sunscreen to your face and your hands (if they're exposed) about 30 minutes before going outside. Reapply frequently if you stay outside a long time.
4. Give Your Hands a Hand
The skin on your hands is thinner than on most parts of the body and has fewer oil glands. That means it's harder to keep your hands moist, especially in cold, dry weather. This can lead to itchiness and cracking. Wear gloves when you go outside; if you need to wear wool to keep your hands warm, slip on a thin cotton glove first, to avoid any irritation the wool might cause.
5. Avoid Wet Gloves and Socks
Wet socks and gloves can irritate your skin and cause itching, cracking, sores, or even a flare-up of eczema.
6. Hook Up the Humidifier
Central heating systems (as well as space heaters) blast hot dry air throughout our homes and offices. Humidifiers get more moisture in the air, which helps prevent your skin from drying out. Place several small humidifiers throughout your home; they help disperse the moisture more evenly.
7. Hydrate for Your Health, Not for Your Skin
If you've heard it once, you've heard it a thousand times: Drinking water helps your skin stay young looking. In fact, it's a myth. Water is good for your overall health and "the skin of someone who is severely dehydrated will benefit from fluids. But the average person's skin does not reflect the amount of water being drunk," Kenneth Bielinski, MD, a dermatologist in Oak Lawn, Ill., tells WebMD "It's a very common misconception."
LaPlante agrees. "I see clients at the spa who drink their 10 to 12 glasses of water a day and still have superdry skin. It just doesn't do that much."
8. Grease Up Your Feet
Yes, those minty foot lotions are lovely in the hot summer months, but during the winter, your feet need stronger stuff. Try finding lotions that contain petroleum jelly or glycerine instead. And use exfoliants to get the dead skin off periodically; that helps any moisturizers you use to sink in faster and deeper.
9. Pace the Peels
If your facial skin is uncomfortably dry, avoid using harsh peels, masks, and alcohol-based toners or astringents, all of which can strip vital oil from your skin. Instead, find a cleansing milk or mild foaming cleanser, a toner with no alcohol, and masks that are "deeply hydrating," rather than clay-based, which tends to draw moisture out of the face. And use them a little less often.
10. Ban Superhot Baths
Sure, soaking in a burning-hot bath feels great after frolicking out in the cold. But the intense heat of a hot shower or bath actually breaks down the lipid barriers in the skin, which can lead to a loss of moisture. "You're better off with just warm water," LaPlante advises, "and staying in the water a shorter amount of time."
A lukewarm bath with oatmeal or baking soda, can help relieve skin that is so dry it has become itchy, Bielinski notes. So, too, can periodically reapplying your moisturizer. If those techniques don't work, go see a dermatologist. "You may need a prescription lotion to combat the dry skin," Bielinski says. "Or you may have a condition that isn't simply dry skin and that requires different treatment."

Top 10 Causes of Skin Allergy

2008-12-11T02:34:00.000-08:00

By Daniel J. DeNoon WebMD Health News
Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD

Jewelry metals and fragrances top the list of substances most likely to cause serious skin rashes, Mayo Clinic dermatologists report. When you get a skin rash after contact with an allergy-causing substance (an allergen) doctors call it allergic contact dermatitis. It can be a devastating condition, says Mayo's Mark D. P. Davis, MD.
"Patients with contact dermatitis can get a very itchy rash from head to toe, or in a confined area," Davis says, in a news release. "If it's on the hands and feet it can be disabling, and patients at times can't do their jobs."
How do you know what causes your itchy rash? Using a panel of common allergens, doctors put a small amount on a patch of skin and see whether there is a reaction. It's called patch testing. Davis' and other Mayo researchers patch tested more than 1,500 patients with a series of up to 73 allergens in their study. The top 10 culprits:

1. Nickel (nickel sulfate hexahydrate). A metal frequently encountered in jewelry and clasps or buttons on clothing.
2. Gold (gold sodium thiosulfate). A precious metal often found in jewelry.
3. Balsam of Peru (myroxylon pereirae). A fragrance used in perfumes and skin lotions, derived from tree resin.
4. Thimerosal. A mercury compound used in local antiseptics and in as a preservative in some vaccines.
5. Neomycin sulfate. A topical antibiotic common in first aid creams and ointments, also found occasionally in cosmetics, deodorant, soap, and pet food
6. Fragrance mix. A group of the eight most common fragrance allergens found in foods, cosmetic products, insecticides, antiseptics, soaps, perfumes, and dental products.
7. Formaldehyde. A preservative with multiple uses. It's found in paper products, paints, medications, household cleaners, cosmetic products, and fabric finishes.
8. Cobalt chloride. Metal found in medical products; hair dye; antiperspirant; objects plated in metal such as snaps, buttons or tools; and in cobalt blue pigment.
9. Bacitracin. A topical antibiotic.
10. Quaternium 15. A preservative found in cosmetic products such as self-tanners, shampoo, nail polish, and sunscreen or in industrial products such as polishes, paints, and waxes.
Davis reported the findings at this week's annual meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology in San Francisco. When a patch test is positive, the best thing for patients to do is to avoid the substance to which they are allergic. Treatment with corticosteroid cream can help -- but 3% of patients are allergic to the cream, Davis says.
How well does patch testing work from the patient's point of view? In another conference report, Mayo's Leigh Ann Scalf, MD, and colleagues surveyed about 1,500 patch-test patients.
More than three out of four said they were at least "somewhat satisfied," and more than half said they were "very satisfied." After testing, 58.3% of patients reported improvement in their condition. Why so few? A third conference report suggests an answer. Davis, Scalf, and Joseph Genebriera, MD, find that fewer than half of patch-test patients remember all of the things that make them itch.

Air Purifiers - How They Help Allergies If You Have a Problem

2008-12-11T02:25:00.000-08:00

By Art Emiss
We get hundreds of calls from clients during the year asking; Should I buy an air cleaner or air purifier for their home or business? The first question we ask them is: Why do you think you need an air cleaner? Some say, we think the air in our home is dirty or we are concerned about the air quality in our business. Our next answer is another question; Have you had an Environmental Inspection in your home or office? Ninety per cent of the time, the answer is no.The next answer they provide is; We do not need an Environmental Inspection.
There are a large number of individuals that think about purchasing an air purifier for their home or office every year. Most of these individuals are concerned about Clean Air.
A good quality Air Cleaner will begin at about $300 such as the Austin Air Filter. There are a lot of bargain priced inferior products on the market, but remember, you get what you paid for. Before buying an Air Cleaner, check the quality out before buying it. First place to check is Consumer Reports, they will give an unbiased opinion after testing different models of Air Purifiers.
I read a lot of articles on the Internet, ninety per cent of them try to scare you into buying an Air Cleaner by using the following words: toxic air, toxic mold, toxic chemicals, harmful particles, dangerous particles, dangerous second hand smoke, toxic ozone and etc. When you see an add written with these words, start to question the validity of the product. Air Cleaners are meant to enhance your life thru cleaner air.
Going back to the basic question, have you had you home or business tested to see if you really have a problem. We have been in multiple homes where the individual claims that mold is attacking them and contaminating their home. A recent example of this is one of our clients told us that mold was making her sick. The basic question we always ask everyone is; Have you had a water leak or a flood in the last two years. Her answer was no. Next question; Have you seen any visible mold growing in the home recently. These are important questions because a lot of individuals blame mold for other allergens in the home.
We did an inspection of the home and found minimal mold in the A/C. There was no real moisture in the walls so we began to question the validity of the clients' self diagnosis. We did find high levels of fibers in the Air Conditioning Return Air Plenum. That was the first clue; we then knew it was not be a mold problem as the client had self diagnosed. We took air samples and sent them to the lab for id.Two days later we got the answer to our clients problem, it was high levels of skin cells and carpet fibers in the air. How interesting, we called the client and informed them about the testing results. We then proceeded to ask additional questions like; what is the quality of your vacuum cleaner. Is it a HEPA rated vacuum cleaner like the Miele. The answer was no, it was a 10 year old vacuum cleaner that someone gave them. I recommended that they dispose of the vacuum cleaner and buy a high quality HEPA rated vacuum cleaner like the Miele.
If you have high levels of skins cells in your home, you have Dust Mites. Dust Mites thrive on skin cells, especially in carpeting. We also recommended they remove the carpet and install tile. The client did and the allergy disappeared after the carpet was removed. She did not know she was allergic to Dust Mites.
In Conclusion: the moral of the story is not everyone needs an Air Cleaner but needs to clean up their home of certain contaminants such as skin cells. These contaminants can only be identified from an Environmental Inspection. If the client had bought an Air Cleaner, it would have helped some but the problem would still be there. Remember, you must find and fix the problem, not use a temporary measure such as an Air Cleaner. I am not saying, do not use an Air Cleaner, I am saying clean up your house before buying an Air Cleaner to see if that is your problem.

11 Unexpected Allergy Causes

2008-12-11T02:18:00.000-08:00

By Kirsten Whittaker
Typical allergy causes like pollen from trees and grasses aren't the only items that might have you reaching for the tissues... some unexpected things you probably have in your home right now might also be causes of allergies and cause allergy symptoms to flare up.
There are eleven lesser known triggers to watch for...

1. Candles - the odors from scented candles can inflame your nasal cavities, according to James Wedner, M.D., chief of allergy and immunology at the Washington University School of Medicine. Those with allergies are likely to have a runny nose or watery eyes when near a burning candle. Candles with scents like pumpkin are usually best tolerated. If you're having trouble with a candle, try to move away, extinguish it outside or get some fresh air yourself.
2. Perfume - has hundreds of chemicals, mostly untested on people, and when mixed with the essential oils in the perfume and sprayed into the air they can cause a person to sneeze, feel congestion or get a headache. It's hard, but ask people around you to go easy on the spray scents and suggest body creams and lotions as their scents aren't quite as strong. You might also keep a small fan in your office or car to keep the air moving.
3. Soaps and detergents - you might be surprised to learn that most of the itching you think is caused by a cleaning agent, is actually the fault of a perfume additive. Look for "no additives", "unscented" or "phthalate-free" on the label. When drying clothes, use a sheet of aluminum foil in the dryer (instead of smelly static cling sheets) to get rid of static without the strong odor. You can also try a scent-free, no-additive dryer sheet.
4. Stuffed animals - can get chock full of dust mites, a problem for an estimated 15% of people. You can try washing (in water 140 degrees or hotter), drying and then repeating (usually monthly) for favorite toys. Toys that can't be washed can be put in a plastic bag in the freezer for a few hours; this will also kill the mites. Store toys on a shelf, rather than on the bed.
5. Carpeting - it's warm on your feet and feels wonderful, but even if you vacuum all the time, you still have dust mites. Your best bet if you have a persistent allergy is to take out the carpeting and replace it with wood or tile and use area rugs instead. Wash the rugs monthly, and keep the humidity of the space below 50%. Dust mites thrive in humid environments.
6. Spices - add zing to your food but as they come from pungent plants they also can bring on everything from sniffling to swelling of the nasal passages, itching and burning in the lips. Avoid the troublesome ones including coriander, poppy seeds, pepper, dill, paprika, cumin and saffron - often found in Indian and Middle Eastern dishes. If you're not sure which spices are the trouble, try writing down what you eat each time you have an allergy attack and see if you can find a common theme.
7. Christmas Trees - the staple of the holidays is a place where mold grows very fast... especially if the tree is put into a bucket of water or damp soil... a moist, dark place mold just loves. Many people are either allergic to or irritated by the mold spores. A fake tree is the answer for many, with pine scented candles providing that must have "smell". If you must have a real tree, avoid one that's been cut weeks in advance, as its probably already ripe with mold. Be stingy with water once the tree is at home and keep it up for as short a time as possible.
8. Wall paint - the solvents and synthetic resins often lead to itchy eyes and headaches, with oil based paints being particularly troublesome as they continue to release chemicals even after they dry. Keep the windows open as you work, and try to have fresh air circulating in the space for up to four weeks after finishing the work. Paints with low levels of VOCs send fewer chemicals in the air, but this isn't a guarantee you won't still have trouble with them.
9. Alcohol - it's not an allergy to alcohol (which is rare) but the grains and additives used to make the liquor. Wheat or sulfur dioxide preservative can also cause stuffy noses or rash. New York allergist Wellington Tichenor, MD also mentions grains like corn, barley and rye as well as fruit flavorings that can be troublesome too. You might try to drink grain free liquors like potato vodka, rum or tequila and skip flavored liqueurs. Look for wine labeled "sulfite-free".
10. Buttons on Blue Jeans - are often made from nickel which can be a trigger for rashes in up to 20% of women. These can be itchy, red and sometimes causes blisters and are often treated with topical creams. To avoid these symptoms replace the buttons with plastic ones or coat the button with clear nail polish, a remedy found to work by a recent St. Louis University study.
11. Lemons and limes - limonene, the zesty compound in lime and other citrus fruits, leaves many with watery eyes and a burning feeling in the nose. You might even have irritation on your skin if you touch, eat or drink products with limonene. Treat any rash with topical hydrocortisone creams and skip the garnish with your drink or salad. Watch for lime in salad dressings, marinades and desserts as well.
Many allergy causes (allergens) can be avoided but you'll need to keep your eyes open for 'hidden' causes of allergies like the ones mentioned above.
Next just head on over to the Daily Health Bulletin for more tips on allergy causes and get 5 free revealing Health reports

Skin prick tests identify asthma risk for toddlers with eczema

2008-12-11T02:11:00.000-08:00

Toddler with eczema who have a positive skin prick test for allergy have almost triple the risk of developing asthma than those with a negative test, says an Australian study.
The study, led by the University of Melbourne, is the first to clearly demonstrate that skin prick tests can be used to assess how likely it is a baby or toddler with eczema will go on to develop asthma later in childhood.Researcher Adrian Lowe, from the University of Melbourne's School of Population Health, says the study shows that toddlers who have positive skin prick tests have a much higher risk of developing asthma by the time they are seven.They are also more likely to develop hayfever, particularly if their skin prick test results suggest a possible food allergy."There has been much discussion about the links between eczema and other allergic diseases such as asthma but this study is the first to clearly demonstrate that among children with eczema there are certain groups who are at much higher risk,'' Mr Lowe says.As part of the study, 620 Melbourne children with eczema were skin prick tested for allergies to cows' milk, egg white, peanut, house dust mite, rye grass and cat hair.Skin prick tests were conducted on the children at six months, one and two years of age. The children's allergy status was then followed up five years later when the children had turned seven.The study, published in the international journal Clinical and Experimental Allergy, also included researchers from the John Hunter Children's Hospital, Monash University and Murdoch Children's Research Institute.Mr Lowe says the study shows that skin prick testing may have benefits for the management of childhood allergies."By identifying high risk children we can explore ways of avoiding potential allergens that could exacerbate their condition," he says.Mr Lowe says although eczema is extremely common – affecting up to 20 per cent of children – only a very small percentage are tested for allergy."
Given that specialist allergy testing requires a referral and long waiting lists it is not surprising that children are rarely tested," he says.Mr Lowe says the study also shows how skin prick testing has the potential to boost future research into the links between eczema and other allergic diseases."Previously researchers have studied children with eczema as if they were one homogenous group,' he says. "By showing that there are two distinct categories of children with eczema, future studies can separate these groups and we may be able to more accurately pinpoint the causes of allergic diseases in the longer term."The research was funded by Dairy Australia, VicHealth, Nestle and the Asthma Foundation. The University of Melbourne has received a grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council to extend the study to follow children into their teenage years.

www.healthnewstrack.com

Home remedies for allergy

2008-12-11T02:09:00.000-08:00

Allergy in general terms can be defined as hypersensitivity of some foreign particles on your skin or any part of the body. Different individuals have different kinds of patience level for foreign particles. At the time when some people can not adjust with such elements present in their surroundings, then you may be suffering from various skin problems that are popularly called as skin allergies.
There is a sure fire way of verifying whether your skin pain or affliction is a form of allergy or not. And in case, if you got a skin trouble due to the reason that has affected nobody else then certainly you got skin allergy. For instance, few people are exposed to dirt but if it harms you in a stronger way, than it is sure that you are allergic to dirt and dust.
If you are suffering form skin allergies such as hives, dermatitis and others skin ailments and want to use home made medication, ayurvedic medicine is the best cure that provides you instant relief form the pesky problems of skin allergies.
Allergy home remedy skin treatment includes sandalwood, madhuca, henna, holy basil and cassia that provides you relief from the skin allergy such as itching, rashes and dryness. Applying sandalwood paste and oil is highly useful in treatment of eruptive allergies.
Apart from such a home made treatment, make sure that you eat a healthy and balanced diet that is rich in vitamins and proteins. Make sure that take vitamin A and E as it is very useful for the rejuvenation of the skin. Along with this, intake of fruits will help you in detoxifying your body. However, apart from allergy home remedy skin; make sure that you take proper care of your skin by keeping it dry.
Make sure that you keep young children away from your contact as skin allergy is contagious. Taking bath with neem leaves as it will help in soothing your skin. Neem has antiseptic properties that will ensure perfect skin. The best thing about allergy home remedy skin is that it is free from any side affect.

www.skinallergymedical.com

About allergy akin rash

2008-12-11T02:07:00.000-08:00

A skin rash is usually a skin inflammation which is different from the normal colour and texture of the skin. It can be a result of allergies to food, chemicals, plants, insects, animals and other environmental factors. This allergies skin rash can affect a specific area of the body or some times the entire body.
Though all allergies skin rashes are not infectious, some are. The most common symptoms of allergies skin rashes are blisters, blotches, bumps, redness or swelling, followed by itching and even fever in some cases. Apart from this, these skin rashes may be seen in various shapes, and are usually white or red in colour.
If proper medication is not given on time, the situation may worsen. There may be many causes for allergies skin rashes including certain foods, perfumes, detergents and plants. It can also be caused due to insect bites, skin allergies, rubbing by a poorly fitted cloth or by a fabric which is rough on the skin.
Some times people may also get skin rashes by wearing a certain piece of jewellery. Dangling necklaces, rings or chains may cause irritation to the skin when in contact. Either the material used to make these pieces may cause the rash, or may be that they have a rough edge or spot that is causing rash on your skin. A qualified dermatologist will be able to decide what is the problem and cause of the allergy, and what treatment should be given to the patient.
Contact dermatitis is allergies skin rash caused due to touching something that was contaminated or that did not suit the chemistry of your body. Eczema is a kind of skin allergy that is mostly seen in people with asthma. Other types of allergies skin rashes include acne, cellulitis, boils, hives, infected hair follicles, chicken pox, measles, shingles and herpes.
If the condition is serious, you may contact a dermatologist for skin biopsy in order to rule out chances of diseases like skin cancer.

A brief overview about cat skin allergy

2008-12-11T02:00:00.000-08:00

Cats are the man’s best friend and cat allergy is mostly common with all those people who have cats as their pet at home. Many people who possess cat allergy believe that they are allergic to cat’s hair. But, actually these people who are suffering from this cat allergy occurs because of a protein that is present in cat’s skin and saliva.
However, the cat allergy symptoms can appear in various forms, they can manifest even singularly and even in combination, and moreover they can come and disappear for no clear reason. So you may be wrong in judging that those symptoms can be due to cold or a sore throat. Some of the real reasons of cat allergy is ringing and clogged ears, watering, burning and red eyes, skin rashes and also cold and sore throat.
Cat skin allergy is mostly seen in those people who are sensitive to this kind of protein. Cats bear a protein in their skin that is known as Fel d 1 and due to the increase in production of protein that depends on hormone level of animals. The male cats consist of high allergic protein that basically affects individuals having cat skin allergy to be rather more sensitive in male cats despite female cats.
Cats are said to be known as clean animals and they constantly groom themselves by licking their body, which transfer the protein into their fur from their saliva and skin. While the protein gets dumped in the body, it is then released into the air and if a person is allergic to this protein, it may exhibits the sign of cat skin allergy. These cat allergens stay in the air for longer period of time and it is difficult to eliminate it from the furnishings of home.
The best ways to determine whether you are suffering from cat allergy is by removing cats from the house for almost two weeks and vacuum and clean each and everything your cat was in touch with and see whether the symptoms are lessened or disappears

www.skinallergymedical.com

Treating Your Dog Allergy

2008-12-11T01:56:00.000-08:00

by: David Cowley
Did you know that living with an indoor dog can actually help a child to be safer from allergies? There is a chemical that dogs release called endotoxin that actually helps the immune system to develop which is beneficial for children.Usually those that have a dog allergy have developed this sensitivity by being in contact with a dog after their immune system has already developed.While dogs may be man's best friend, a dog allergy can be very difficult for anyone to live with if they love their pet.What can a person do in order to treat this sensitivity, other than send their pet away?
For one thing remember that the chemical that causes a dog allergy usually comes from their saliva and not their skin.This is unlike a cat allergy, which is usually triggered by cat hair and dander. A dog's saliva contains albumin, which causes an allergic reaction in many. So obviously the first thing you need to do when you have a dog allergy is keep the dog from licking your hands and face! When the dog licks themselves this sticky protein is deposited on the hair along with dead skin cells. When the dog hair comes into contact with dust, clothing, curtains, furniture, or you, the protein will stick to the surface of the object. After playing or wrestling with your dog, this saliva can trigger an allergic reaction that lasts for hours.
It also helps to make sure the dog is outside as much as possible. When the dog is indoors he will spread the allergen all around the house that much more, causing the reaction of your dog allergy. It can also help to remove the carpeting in your house in as many rooms as possible; opt for hardwood floors in various rooms. The less carpet you have, the less allergens will stay in the home.For the carpeted rooms, vacuum often with a HEPA equipped vacuum cleaner. Air cleaners can make a really big difference in the severity and frequency of allergy attacks.
Even though your dog allergy is probably not caused by his skin or hair, be sure to bathe the dog at least once or twice per week. This removes allergens that are clinging to his skin and fur. Keeping your home scrupulously clean is also imperative when you have a dog allergy.
Steam clean your carpets once or twice per year. Most vacuums will blow the smaller particles of dust back into the air through the exhaust so you will need to get a vacuum that has some type of HEPA filter that traps microscopic particles of dust from being blown back into the air.Dust all your furniture and surfaces several times per week with a damp cloth (a dry cloth only spreads dust around rather than actually getting rid of it), and don't forget to regularly clean window blinds and curtains as well.
If none of these things help and you don't want to get rid of your dog, talk to your doctor. He or she can recommend options to treat your dog allergy with medications and other options. You may also get regular shots which help your immune system to build up a tolerance for the dog as well.Of course for a severe dog allergy you may just need to part with your pet. Being able to breathe is of course much more important than any family pet. Always consult your doctor before using this information.

Attack against allergy mold

2008-12-11T01:53:00.001-08:00

by: RHendersen
Certain individuals who suffer from allergies, especially certain seasonal allergies, may gain relief at different points in the year. But unfortunately, for people who suffer from an allergy mold, the suffering can continue unabated year round.Mold spores are released into the environment in cold, dry weather, as well as in humid conditions. Reactions to an allergy mold usually occur during the summer months, but because mold has the ability to grow in various locations, reactions could surface at any time throughout the year. Although there are many different types of molds, only a small few will cause an allergy mold. Outdoor mold will thrive on damp leaves, rotting bark, or grass.
Indoor molds may develop in damp areas of the home such as laundry rooms, bathrooms, kitchens, basements, or attics. People who suffer from an allergy mold will exhibit the same symptoms as normal allergy sufferers, such as skin irritation, chronic sneezing, itchy, watery eyes, and chest and nasal congestion. A doctor will perform a skin test to receive a specific allergy mold diagnosis. Once diagnosed, a treatment plan to attack the ongoing symptoms and prevent future reactions will be developed. The first step in attacking an allergy mold is to eliminate possible substances within the home that contain mold or could produce mold in the future. A HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filter attachment should be contained in the central air conditioning unit in order to catch mold spores before they circulate throughout the home. The home should have proper ventilation and contain exhaust fans inside of the bathrooms. Carpet should be removed from any areas that could possibly become wet or damp. Sinks, tubs, and kitchens should be scrubbed and cleaned frequently due to the speed of mold growth.
Humidity levels within the home can be decreased by the installation of a dehumidifier or by increasing the temperature in order to minimize dampness. Any possible leaks within the home should be repaired as soon as possible to eliminate the possibility of mold growth in certain areas. Any water should drain away from the foundation of the home to eliminate wet plants, grasses, or leaves from allowing mold growth. Assuring that damp areas are dry can prevent spores from filtering into the air and producing an allergy mold reaction. If all of the above measures have been taken to reduce the presence of mold, there are other allergy mold treatments available. Certain medications can eliminate allergy mold reactions. Some over-the-counter medications, such as antihistamines, nasal sprays, or decongestants, can reduce symptoms. For severe allergy mold, a doctor may need to recommend a prescription strength allergy treatment. Attacking the allergy mold by staying away from possible growth of spores, taking precautionary cleaning measures, making speedy repairs within the home, protecting yourself with medications, and even using a face mask when you are within contact of mold spores can lead to successful allergy mold relief. But, if symptoms still arise, a doctor may need to recommend another form of treatment or medication. Talking to your doctor about the allergy mold and the specific symptoms associated with it can mean success in the battle against mold.

Some Natural Treatment Option For Babies Allergy

2008-12-11T01:49:00.000-08:00

by: David Cowley
Dealing with a baby allergy can be difficult for parents; they often work very hard to keep their child from whatever they have an allergy to and then often need to help the child cope with an allergy attack when it does happen.Â It's imperative for a parent to understand natural treatment options for any baby allergy as of course you never want to give your child any over-the-counter or prescription medication unless first advised by your doctor.Â Medications designed for adults can be harmful and even fatal for a baby.
First of all, remember that it's very common for a child to suffer from a baby allergy.Â Allergies are the result of the immune system not responding properly to fight off irritants and of course a baby's immune system is nowhere near as developed as it should be.Â Allergies can and often are outgrown by children, so even if your child has severe allergies now this doesn't mean he or she will be suffering from them forever.
Also, when dealing with a baby allergy make sure you're not doing anything to irritate it further.Â While your baby may be allergic to certain food or elements in the air, switching to allergen-free detergents and personal care items can help tremendously.Â Be sure that whatever you use for your baby allergy that you're not overmedicating as this can only further irritate the allergy.Â Get a HEPA filter for the home or the baby's nursery, and apply a warm wet cloth to the baby's chest to clear any lung irritations.
Use Eucalyptus or olbas oil in boiling water and allow the child to inhale the steam that is being generated.Â This treatment is also very good for any type of stuffy nose due to a cold, flu or allergy problems.Â Both readily diffuse into the air and can provide benefits to nasal and bronchial areas.Â If your baby suffers from air-borne allergies then an environment with a high humidity will be of benefit because air with a high humidity content does not carry air-borne contaminates well.Â Extra moisture in the air will also help to remove any pollen or other allergy producing pollutions from the air.
When treating a baby allergy for the skin, use products that list oils as their first ingredients rather than the diaper rash cream you get at the pharmacy.Â Sunflower oil, cocoa butter, aloe, shea butter, olive oil, rosewater, and other natural oils are going to be better on baby's skin than harsh creams and treatments.Â Make sure the products also have no synthetic fragrances.Â Zinc oxide is also a natural treatment option for a baby allergy of the skin as it forms a natural urine barrier to protect the skin from wet diapers.
If you have done all you can to treat the baby allergy then it's time to see a doctor.Â While parents often prefer to use natural ingredients and avoid harsh medications and other treatments, it is also important that a child be treated properly especially in the case of a severe allergy.Â Failure to see a doctor and get medical intervention in severe cases can result in tragedy.Â So use all the natural treatment options you can for your own baby allergy but don't rule out bringing your precious baby to the doctor as well.
Always consult your doctor before using this information.
This Article is nutritional in nature and is not to be construed as medical advice.

A Successful Allergy Treatment

2008-12-11T01:29:00.000-08:00

by: RHendersen
Millions of people suffer from allergies each year. When certain materials come into contact with a person suffering from a specific allergy, their immune system mistakenly believes the material to be harmful. In response, the body will then produce histamine and other chemicals as a form of protection. Due to the presence of these chemicals within the body, reactions will take place such as a rash, swelling, and itching. In some cases, people may be affected by objects within the environment such as pollen, pollutants, mold, and dust. Reactions to environmental substances may include eye or skin irritations or breathing difficulty. In all cases, finding a successful allergy treatment is dependent on the type of allergy.
The most important step in successful allergy treatment is to avoid the materials that are causing the allergy symptoms. In order to prevent an allergy reaction, testing must be completed to find out which specific substance is causing distress within the individual. Allergy treatment must begin with testing the skin to find out what substances react with the skin when they make contact on the body. An allergist, a doctor that specializes in allergy treatment, will use a scratch test or a patch test to introduce various materials onto the skin to see if the skin has a reaction. If the site of the skin test reacts with redness or swelling, it is determined that the individual is allergic to the corresponding allergen. The doctor will then recommend the right course of action for an allergy treatment based on the results of the skin tests. The doctor will also obtain a detailed medical history and a detailed description of the types of allergy episodes the individual has encountered. Several options are available in allergy treatment. Avoidance of the substances causing an episode can prevent distress. Pets, mold, pollen, dust mites, or certain foods, depending on your allergy, should be eliminated from your daily life and exposure should be kept to a minimum. Allergy medications may also be recommended by your doctor and include antihistamine, decongestants, mast cell stabilizers, or leukotriene modifiers. These medications can help reduce inflammation, block histamines, or eliminate nasal and sinus congestion.
Allergy medications can be utilized on a short term basis, or if the allergy is more severe, a long term medication may be recommended. Short term medications do not require a prescription but can cause drowsiness. A long term allergy treatment may require a prescription medication that does not cause the same side effects as a short term over-the -counter medication. Allergy treatment depends on the specific allergy symptoms and the recommendations of the doctor. Certain over-the-counter medications could be used such as nasal sprays, creams, eye drops, pill or liquid decongestants, and antihistamines. Prescription strength allergy treatment may be suggested by doctors if the allergy is severe and needs a quick resolution due to shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing.Each individual will require their own specific allergy treatment. There are many options to help relieve the discomfort allergy sufferers experience during allergy attacks. Working together with the doctor and routinely monitoring your current health status can lead to successful management of outbreaks and long term allergy treatment.

Prevent Age Spot

2008-12-11T01:09:00.000-08:00

By VyluneP
Most people don't care about aging and problems that come with old age, until the time finally comes. However, a large number of problems and diseases often linked to old age are actually related to the habits a person had when he was young. Age spots (also known as liver spots) are the early signs of an aging organism. Although usually they become clearly visible only when we're older, they start appearing in one's early twenties. What causes age spots and how can they be prevented?
Age spots are as natural as wrinkles; however some blemishes might be signs of skin cancer. Every unusual freckle or mole should be examined by medics, the same goes for age spots. Although the condition is often called liver spots, it is not related to the liver. Age spots were believed to be linked to liver malfunctions until this hypothesis was examined and denied. Liver malfunctions can influence skin appearance; age spots, however, are, for the most part, caused by age and sun damage. Sometimes no measures of prevention can grant clean skin - this is usually because of the person's genetic predisposition. Age spots can even be caused by emotional stress in rare cases.
Basically, age spots appear because of regular exposure to the sun and the skin's inability to regenerate at an older age. Those that enjoy sun bathing (and other sources of ultra-violet radiation) are more likely to have age spots. They appear on the face and shoulders, the back of arms and hands - the parts of the body which endure most of the hazardous exposure to the sun's ultraviolet rays. Protecting yourself from the sun is the best method to reduce the chance of developing "liver spots". Limit the time you spend in direct sunlight and wear clothing that covers as much skin as possible. These measures along with sun block are the most helpful in preventing age spots.
A healthy lifestyle can help preventing age spots as well. The skin regenerates constantly, but the process becomes slower and slower as we grow old. A proper diet and exercise can improve the regeneration process, because they make the skin more elastic. Lifestyle and nutrition have important roles when it comes to the condition of a person's skin. If you exercise, avoid toxins, build up and free radicals, you skin will be able to keep elasticity when you're older. And proper nutrition which provides the skin cells with the humidity it needs helps the regeneration process. Remember that tobacco, caffeine and alcohol are detrimental to the skin.

Mediterranean Diet During Pregnancy Helps To Ward Off Childhood Asthma And Allergy

2008-01-17T04:57:00.000-08:00

Leanne Male, Assistant Director of Research, Asthma UK says: 'This study adds to previous research which shows that a Mediterranean diet, which traditionally contains higher levels of fresh fruit and vegetables, can have a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms and specifically in this study that these benefits can be passed onto the pregnant mother's unborn child.

This supports our advice to pregnant mothers to eat a healthy, balanced diet and is of particular significance to mothers in the UK as we have one of the highest rates of childhood asthma worldwide, with one in ten children suffering from the condition.

Notes

1. Asthma UK is the charity dedicated to improving the health and well-being of the 5.2 million people in the UK whose lives are affected by asthma. Asthma UK Scotland is dedicated to improving the health and well-being of the 390,000 people in Scotland whose lives are affected by asthma.

2. For up-to-date news on asthma, information and publications, visit the Asthma UK website http://www.asthma.org.uk.

3. For independent and confidential advice on asthma, call the Asthma UK Adviceline, which is staffed by asthma nurse specialists. It is open weekdays from 9am to 5pm on 08457 01 02 03. Or email an asthma nurse at http://www.asthma.org.uk/adviceline.

http://www.asthma.org.uk

Scientists From 16 Different Countries Study The Link Between Children's Nutrition And The Development Of Adult Diseases Such As Diabetes Or Allergies

2008-01-17T04:46:00.000-08:00

Researchers from the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Granada, in collaboration with another 38 universities and companies from 16 European countries, will study the effects of children's nutrition on the onset of cardiovascular problems, diabetes, obesity, allergies, weak bones, neuromotor functioning and children's behavioural aspects. The EARNEST project (The Early Nutrition Programming Project) aims to help in the development of policies, information campaigns, documents, guides and recommendations on the nutritional components of children's food, for the improvement of children's formulas. It also collaborates in the design of plans preventing and avoiding nutrition effects on the metabolism.

Thanks to this project, the University of Granada becomes the only Spanish investigation centre taking part in this ambitious initiative, the first of its kind in Europe. Cristina Campoy Folgoso, the professor heading this initiative in Granada, emphasizes that the "early nutrition programming" is quite a recent subject in the health and science field today. "Different studies show how food can have long-term consequences in children's growth and health during pregnancy, the breastfeeding period and childhood. Moreover, food can also have influence over the later onset of diseases", states the researcher.

Study of disease

This project aims to answer the question about the extent of nutrition effects of prenatal, postnatal, and infant diets of someone among the current European population in critical periods of development as well as the efficiency of actions preventing and avoiding long, medium and short-term metabolic effects on health.

The project will tackle randomly assigned clinical tests and nutritional interventions during pregnancy and childhood, pilot studies, tests on animals, cells and genomita, as well as social and economic studies connected with nutrition in the first stages of life and their significance in the development of later diseases.

The researchers hope to find the genetic mechanism of diseases such as diabetes and obesity with this project. "Obesity, a growing global epidemic, begins, partly, during child development explains professor Campoy Folgoso-. It is known that breastfed children's growth kinetics differ from those fed with commercial foods. These children easily gain weight and height. Considering these consequences, linked with eating habits, the purpose of this project is to study whether breastfeeding can prevent a later risk of obesity.

About EARNEST

This investigation project is financed by the European Commission and is made up of 38 multidisciplinary groups of professionals from 16 European countries. Scientists from different institutions of all over Europe are involved in it: 33 academic institutions, 5 industries and 7 PYMES companies form the project, coordinated by Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich (Germany). It began in April 2005 and will last until 2010.

Coordinator: Professor Berthold Koletzko. Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians. Ludwig-Maximilians Universty, Munich, Germany.

Institutions taking part: Medical Research Council-Institute of Child Health (London, United Kingdom); University of Pécs (Pécs, Hungary); University of Granada (Spain); University of London-Alliance (United Kingdom); Danish Epidemiology Science Centre (Copenhagen, Denmark); Aarhus University (Denmark); Instituto municipal de Investigació Médica (Barcelona, Spain); Inst of Public Health (Oslo, Norwich); University of Bristol Alliance (United Kingdom); The Children's Memorial Health Institute (Warsaw, Poland); GSF National Research Centre for Environment and Health (Germany); University Hospital Groningen (Holland); Turku University Central Hospital (Turku, Finland); University of Nottingham (United Kingdom); Louvain Universities Alliance (Belgium); Rowett Research Institute (Scotland, United Kingdom); University of Cambridge (United Kingdom); Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals (Germany); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France); INSERM (Paris, France); RIVM National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Holland); Institute of Physiology (Prague, Czech Republic); University Medical Centre (Utrecht, Holland); University of Surrey (United Kingdom).

Companies: DNA testing Ltd (Scotland, United Kingdom); Schothorst Feed Research (Holland); Ashwell Associates (United Kingdom); RDE Software GmbH (Munich, Germany); Institute for Market Research, Strategy and Planning (Munich, Germany); Arexis (Gothenburg, Sweden); BioScientifica, (Bristol, United Kingdom).

Industry: Numico (Friedrichsdorf, Germany); Ordesa, (Spain); Orafti (Belgium); Mead Johnson (USA); Nestlé International.

UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA COMMUNICATIONS DEPARTMENT
Secretariado de Comunicación Universidad de Granada
Hospital Real - Cuesta del Hospicio s/n
http://www.ugr.es

Frostbite, How to deal ?

2008-01-17T04:40:00.000-08:00

Frostbite is damage to the skin and underlying tissues resulting from exposure to extreme cold. Frostbitten skin appears hard and pale, and is cold to the touch. The patient may experience lack of sensitivity or numbness in the frostbitten flesh. But as the flesh thaws, it often becomes red and painful.

Every part of the body is vulnerable to damage from frostbite. However, it most often occurs on the hands, feet, nose and ears. It can occur whenever tissues are exposed to temperatures below freezing (32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Celsius) for extended periods of time. The colder the temperature, the faster the exposed skin can become frostbitten. In fact, skin can become frostbitten in just a few minutes if the temperature is low enough. The presence of wind or wet clothing exacerbates the potential for frostbite because both conditions cause the body to lose heat more rapidly.

Frostbite occurs when the body responds to freezing temperatures by redirecting blood (and its nutrients) away from the skin and toward vital organs. It does this by first constricting (narrowing) the blood vessels. Eventually, the body tries to preserve as much function in the extremities (areas farthest from the heart) by promoting a cycle of widening (dilation) and constriction of the blood vessels there.

However, once the body temperature sinks to the point that it is in danger of becoming abnormally low (hypothermia), the cycle of widening and constriction ceases, and the blood vessels permanently constrict. Though this prevents cold blood from reaching the internal organs, it also begins the process of frostbite.

Frostbite itself is a two-part process:

Cell death due to cold. As a cell is exposed to extreme cold, ice crystals form in the space outside the cell. Water disappears from the cell’s interior, causing dehydration and death of the cell.
Cell deterioration and death due to damaged blood vessels. Cold damages the lining of blood vessels by causing holes to appear in the vessel walls. Once the affected area is warmed and blood flow returns, it leaks out of these vessel holes and into surrounding tissues. As a result, regular blood flow is impeded, and small clots form in tiny vessels. Chemical substances that promote inflammation are released, which worsens the tissue damage.

Toxic substances may also be released into the bloodstream as tissues warm. This can lead to irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias) that must be closely monitored by a physician.

Frostbite appears in one of two forms – superficial or deep. In superficial frostbite (frostnip), the skin is white, waxy or grayish-yellow, and feels cold, hard and numb when touched. However, although the surface skin is stiff, the underlying tissue is soft and pliable when depressed. Deep frostbite is characterized by waxy, pale, solid skin. In some cases, blisters also appear on the skin.

Damage that is restricted to the skin and underlying tissues is not usually permanent. However, damage that extends to the blood vessels is likely to be permanent. Death and decay of body tissue (gangrene) sometimes follows. Gangrenous tissue must be removed to prevent it from spreading to adjacent tissues or organs, which may necessitate amputation (surgical removal) of the affected body part.

Treatment options for frostbite

Patients who suspect frostbite should promptly call a physician or other medical personnel and follow the instructions they receive. People who either cannot visit a physician or who choose not to do so should take the following steps:

Move from the cold into a warmer environment. Remove any wet clothing or constricting jewelry and elevate the affected area to reduce swelling.
Treat hypothermia first. Many people who suffer frostbite also are in danger of hypothermia, or abnormally low body temperature. This condition is more dangerous than frostbite and should be the primary focus of initial treatment. Patients can raise the body temperature by wrapping themselves in warm blankets and drinking warm, nonalcoholic, caffeine-free beverages to help replace lost fluids.
Warm the skin. Immerse the area affected by frostbite in warm water or repeatedly apply warm cloths to the area. Water should be between 104 and 108 degrees Fahrenheit (40 to 42 degrees Celsius). Do not use hot water. This therapy should be applied for 20 to 30 minutes.
Wrap the affected area in sterile dressings. Once the skin is warmed, toes and fingers should be wrapped individually and the skin should be kept clean to prevent infection. Skin should soften and sensation should return to the skin.
Restrict movement as much as possible in thawed areas.

In addition, patients should be careful to avoid certain actions. These include:

Allowing the thawed tissue to refreeze. Thawing frostbitten skin followed by refreezing can cause severe damage. In situations where refreezing may occur, it is better to delay the initial thawing process until a safe location can be reached.
Using direct dry heat to thaw frostbitten skin. Heat from a radiator, campfire, heating pad or hair dryer can burn tissues that are already damaged.
Rubbing or massaging affected areas of skin. Do not rub snow on the affected skin. Any rubbing can lead to further tissue damage.
Walking on frostbitten feet or toes. This can cause further damage.
Breaking blisters that appear on frostbitten skin. If clear blisters break, use an ointment to keep them from becoming infected. Blisters that contain bloodstained fluid indicate more severe frostbite damage that requires immediate medical care.
Smoking or consuming alcohol following frostbite. These activities can inhibit blood circulation and healing.
Patients who try to treat frostbitten skin on their own should seek immediate medical care if normal sensation and color do not promptly return to the skin. A physician should also be consulted if new symptoms develop after a recent episode of frostbite. Such symptoms may include fever, malaise (general ill feeling), discoloration or drainage from the affected body area.

Frostbite that requires medical attention may be treated in several different ways. Anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen may be used to reduce inflammation, whereas antibiotics may be prescribed to help prevent infection. In some cases, certain drugs (such as low-molecular-weight dextrans, heparin or phenoxybenzamine) may be administered intravenously to improve circulation to affected areas of tissue. Finally, a physician may prescribe narcotic pain medications to reduce pain during rewarming of the skin, because this pain can be severe.

In severe cases, amputation (surgical removal) of a limb or other body part may be necessary to prevent potentially serious health consequences. This is most likely in conditions where death and decay of body tissue (gangrene) have set in. Gangrenous tissue must be removed (usually by amputation) to prevent its spread to other areas of the body. Because the full extent of frostbite damage is not always immediately apparent, a patient may have to undergo amputation several months after the frostbite occurred.

Following treatment, patients may continue to feel a throbbing sensation for weeks or months. Eventually, this will taper to tingling or occasional sensations that resemble electric shocks. The affected area may experience sensitivity to cold, chronic pain, sensory loss or other symptoms for years following the episode of frostbite. Excessive sweating and abnormal nail growth may also occur.

Prevention methods for frostbite

The chief method of preventing frostbite is to take precautions so that skin is not exposed to severe cold for excessive periods of time. People can take several steps to protect themselves. These include:

Wear appropriate clothing in cold weather. Dress in layers of windproof, water-resistant clothing. The layers of clothing trap heat close to the body. Cover any flesh that may be exposed with scarves, face masks, ear muffs, hats and mittens (rather than gloves). Wear two layers of socks (cotton next to the skin and wool over the cotton), waterproof boots, a scarf and a hat that covers the ears and prevents heat from escaping through the scalp. Clothing and boots should not be tight because this constricts blood flow. Change out of wet clothing because the moisture sharply reduces the insulating values of clothing.
Avoid prolonged exposure to the cold. If possible, take breaks in warmer environments that allow the body to warm before returning to the cold.
Avoid alcohol consumption and smoking, both of which can constrict circulation.
Take medications for conditions such as diabetes, which may affect blood vessels.
Vulnerable populations should take extra precautions. Those who are more prone to frostbite include people with diabetes or blood vessel disorders, children, the elderly and those who are not in good physical condition.

Make Your Own Homemade Face Mask

2008-01-04T07:01:00.000-08:00

From Julyne Derrick,
Your Guide to Beauty.
FREE Newsletter. Sign Up Now!

14 Recipes for 6 Different Skin Types

You can use basic ingredients found around the house to make your own simple, hydrating masks. If you have oily or acne prone skin, mud or clay-based masks are great for balancing out your skin. Dry skin will benefit from hydrating masks made from glycerin, honey and oils. Ginseng or green tea masks are great for soothing skin.

Masks (homemade or otherwise) should stay on for 10-15 minutes, should follow with a cleansing and a thin layer of moisturizer.

Here are recipes we've gathered over the years arranged by skin type.

All Skin Types

Homemade Clay Mask for All Skin Types

Yogurt Face Mask for All Skin Types

Homemade 'Cat Litter' Mask for All Skin Types
We got this recipe off a TV show years ago.

Are You Using Too Many Skincare Products?

2008-01-04T06:56:00.000-08:00

From Julyne Derrick,
Your Guide to Beauty.
FREE Newsletter. Sign Up Now!

Yesterday's "Skin Deep" column in the New York Times had an interesting bit about women using too many skincare products. Overtreating skin with too many acidic products can inflame skin, according to Dr. Bradford R. Katchen, a Manhattan dermatologist. He suggests women need no more than four products and prescribes the following skincare regimen:

A mild cleanser; a sunscreen or moisturizer containing sunscreen; a product that contains antioxidants like vitamin C, vitamin E, pomegranate, soy and green tea; and an antiwrinkle product containing ingredients like retinoids, a form of vitamin A, or protein fragments called peptides.

Read the full article.

More Information on Retin-A & Other Vitamin A Derivatives

2008-01-04T06:54:00.000-08:00

From Julyne Derrick,
Your Guide to Beauty.
FREE Newsletter. Sign Up Now!I've gotten a slew of emails and positive responses to an earlier post on Retin-A and why I love it. To answer some more of your questions:

1. If you are getting a doctor's prescription, consider Renova or Retin-A Micro. These are formulations of Retin-A created to combat wrinkles. They are more moisturizing than Retin-A. I use Retin-A because I travel to Mexico and it's super cheap there.
2. Do not use any Vitamin A creams if you are breastfeeding, pregnant or thinking about getting pregnant while using Retin-A. Vitamin A is dangerous to unborn children and can be passed through breast milk.
3. If you live in a very sunny climate, consider that you really need to keep your face out of the sun.
4. There will be redness and peeling at first. This is normal. Breakouts and hives are not.
5. I do not know about other countries and if you can get it without a doctor's prescription. (Sorry!) I can tell you that in the U.S. you need a prescription. Yes, you can buy it online.

New Book for Women Over Age 40: "How Not to Look Old"

2008-01-04T06:41:00.000-08:00

From Julyne Derrick,
Your Guide to Beauty.
FREE Newsletter. Sign Up Now!

Did you know the most flattering skirt length on older women is right below the knee, just at where the calf begins? That the right bra can hitch your breasts up higher than a 20-year-old's? That you should ditch the dark lips for pink lipstick or gloss? A new book, "How Not to Look Old," is full of these tips and dozens more:

Super long hair with a center part is aging

Lose the metal frame granny glasses and opt for colored plastic frames instead (never, ever use a chain)

Try a trendy nail color like a pretty light pink, almost white, or a dark, dark color like deep burgundy

Find a comfortable pair of heels (she suggests Cole Haan's Nike Air heels)

Author Charla Krupp was featured on the Today Show today and I collected the above tips for you guys. If I can remember others, I'll post them (ha!). The book is out now. Get it at the book store or online.

Thursday January 3, 2008

Asthma Diary

2008-01-03T10:15:00.000-08:00

From Kathleen MacNaughton, R.N.,
Your Guide to Asthma.
FREE Newsletter. Sign Up Now!

A Tool for Tracking SymptomsHere is a tool you can use to track your asthma symptoms. You can also record and identify your asthma triggers, which are the things that set off asthma symptoms or asthma attacks.

You can use this page as a reference for the types of information you can keep track of in your own asthma diary or notebook. Or, if you prefer, print our PDF version and make copies you can write on each week.

Asthma Treatment: Overview of Current Asthma Treatment, Asthma Medicines & More

2008-01-03T10:08:00.000-08:00

From Kathleen MacNaughton, R.N.,
Your Guide to Asthma.
FREE Newsletter. Sign Up Now!

About.com Health's Disease and Condition content is reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD

INTRODUCTION: The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) has set five goals for asthma treatment:

Control your asthma
Prevent asthma symptoms
Decrease the number of asthma attacks
Help you use quick-relief medicines less often
Do normal activities without having symptoms

Your asthma treatment should be part of an overall asthma management plan that you develop with your asthma doctor. Your doctor is guided by current asthma treatment guidelines published by the US National Institutes of Health and / or the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA).

Learn More About Asthma Treatment Guidelines:

THREE APPROACHES TO ASTHMA TREATMENT:

There are 3 main approaches to asthma treatment:

Asessement and monitoring
Avoidance of asthma triggers
Asthma medication therapy

Each of these areas is an important component of asthma management and control.

1. Assessing and Monitoring Your Asthma

To manage asthma effectively, you and your doctor need to monitor your health. This can be accomplished by:

Tracking asthma signs and symptoms and asthma attacks
Monitoring pulmonary function via a peak flow monitor
Assessing how much asthma is interfering with daily life
Tracking your response to medication

Help With Monitoring:

2. Avoiding Asthma Triggers:

Asthma is your body's response to something it perceives as a threat to your health. These "threatening" substances or events are known as asthma triggers.

What Is Asthma? - An Overview of Asthma Facts and Asthma Information

2008-01-03T10:04:00.000-08:00

From Kathleen MacNaughton, R.N.,
Your Guide to Asthma.
FREE Newsletter. Sign Up Now!

About.com Health's Disease and Condition content is reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD

Introduction: What is asthma? When you first get a diagnosis of asthma for yourself or your child, you may be wondering just what is asthma exactly? Or maybe you haven't been diagnosed yet and you're wondering if your symptoms might be asthma.

You won't get a diagnosis here. The information on this site is just that, general information. We can't speak to your condition personally. But if you are concerned about breathing problems, then it's a good idea to talk with your doctor or your child's doctor as soon as you can.

Even though asthma has become a worldwide health problem, it is not well understood by many of the people who have it or who are parents of those with asthma. Get the asthma facts and information you need to understand what asthma is all about.

Getting Started:

Definition: Let's start with a simple definition of asthma:

Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your breathing. What happens is that your airways become inflamed and irritated in reaction to some kind of substance or situation, which is called a trigger. Your airways are the tubes that carry air and oxygen into and out of your body.

Your respiratory system includes your lungs and small tubes that branch out, called airways. These tubes become smaller and smaller until they form tiny sacs at the end called alveoli. Bands of muscle cover the bronchial tubes all the way down through the alveoli.

Hair restoration

2008-01-03T09:58:00.000-08:00

Reviewed By:
Mary Ellen Luchetti, M.D., AAD
Kimberly Bazar, M.D., AAD

About hair restoration

Hair restoration is the general term for the numerous methods of restoring hair to areas that are balding. Some patients may benefit from medications designed to slow or stop hair loss (e.g., minoxidil, finasteride). However, surgical hair restoration is more effective for most patients. In some cases, a combination of medication and surgery is used to achieve the best results.

Hair restoration is performed to restore portions of hair to a person who has experienced hair loss, usually due to heredity. It may also be performed to restore hair lost because of injury (e.g., burns) or disease (e.g., alopecia areata).

Regardless of the success of the method used for hair restoration, it is important to note that a patient will never have the same degree of coverage prior to the beginning of hair loss. However, hair regrowth from medication or surgical techniques may give a fuller appearance and minimize the appearance of thin or bald areas.

Hair has long been recognized as an important characteristic of a person’s physical appearance. In addition to other physical features (e.g., size, body frame), hair may influence socioeconomic status and occupation, and it distinguishes facial features (“frame the face”). Men and women who experience abnormal hair loss (alopecia) often undergo hair restoration to restore hair to areas where it has been lost. Although treatment is not usually necessary, patients who are emotionally impacted by hair loss may benefit from seeking treatment.

Patients with mild-to-moderate pattern hair loss (androgenetic alopecia) are often good candidates for hair restoration using medication. Currently, minoxidil and finasteride are the only two medications approved for hair loss by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and finasteride is only approved for use in men. Each works to slow or reverse the shrinking of hair follicles (tiny, tubular structure in the skin through which hair grows) by interfering with the conversion of the hormone testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, the androgen (male sex hormone) that causes pattern hair loss. However, these medications do not work for everyone. Furthermore, any hair that grows as a result of their use usually occurs gradually over a period of several months or years.

Hair usually grows in pairs, though it may grow in groups of up to five or more. Understanding these hair growth patterns has helped lead to significant improvements in surgical hair restoration. Hair density following a transplant procedure often appears natural, and scarring is typically minimal and unnoticeable.

The most commonly utilized surgical hair restoration technique is hair transplantation. It involves transplanting healthy follicles from another site of the scalp (donor site) to a bald or thinning area. All surgical techniques use existing hair from the patient. The purpose of these techniques is to blend hair in the most efficient and natural way possible.

Criteria used to determine if a candidate is qualified for surgical hair restoration include:

Degree of baldness. Perhaps the most important criteria for selecting a candidate. Individuals with baldness in the front portion of the scalp as opposed to the top of the head are preferable as candidates.
Age. It is generally more difficult to gauge the amount of hair loss patients younger than age 25 will experience. As a result, the preferred candidate is usually age 25 or older.
Hair shaft caliber. Individuals with thick hair shafts achieve greater coverage than those with thinner hair. Very small increases in the volume of hair diameter can make a tremendous difference in surface area coverage.
Donor hair. Hair at the donor site must be dense enough for transplanting and sufficient in quantity to conceal the removed portions.
Hair color. Individuals with hair that is red, blonde or “salt and pepper” colored tend to be preferred to those with black hair. People with black hair may still receive hair transplants, but require a grafting method that transplants only one or two hairs per follicle.

Lifestyle issues and patient expectations of hair restoration also factor heavily into the type of treatment chosen. For example, men with pattern hair loss that begins in the late teens or early 20s (premature male pattern baldness) may have unrealistic expectations of hair restoration surgery and do not typically make good candidates for surgical hair restoration. Because balding will likely continue to progress following surgery in the surrounding areas of the scalp, an unnatural or patchy appearance will probably develop. Furthermore, patients with this condition require an unusually large amount of donor follicles, making scarring at donor sites particularly difficult to conceal.

It is important to note that women with female pattern hair loss lose hair in different patterns than men. Mild forms of this condition are often only noticeable as a minor widening of the central hair part, whereas severe forms may appear as severe thinning across most of the scalp (diffuse unpatterned hair loss). In general, women in either category make poor candidates for transplantation. Female patients that are ideal candidates for hair restoration have high hair density in the donor site with thinning or hair loss largely confined to the front of the scalp.

Hair transplant patients may also take medications to slow or stop further hair loss both before and after hair restoration surgery. This typically results in less donor site harvesting, less hair loss over time and a more natural overall appearance.

Not all forms of hair loss can be treated with hair restoration. Patients who are poor candidates for medical treatment may effectively disguise their hair loss with wigs, hairpieces and weaves. In some cases, hairstyle changes can also help disguise the condition. However, these methods do not slow or stop the progression of further hair loss.

Types and differences of hair restoration

Patients with mild-to-moderate pattern hair loss (androgenetic alopecia) are often good candidates for hair restoration using medication. The effectiveness of medication in restoring hair growth also depends on the cause of hair loss and the patient’s response to treatment. Some patients experience hair regrowth or a slowing or stopping of hair loss. However, others receive no benefit from the use of these drugs.

The following medications are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to regrow hair:

Minoxidil (Rogaine). An-over-the-counter topical liquid or foam designed to regrow hair and/or stop hair loss associated with androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata (patchy baldness). Applied to the scalp twice a day, it is available in both a 2 percent and a 5 percent solution. Some evidence suggests the 5 percent solution may be more effective at treating cases of pattern hair loss, particularly in men. However, the 5 percent solution may cause side effects in women (e.g., facial hair growth) and is only specifically approved for use in men.

Applied twice daily to the scalp, the use of minoxidil may produce longer, thicker hairs by reversing, stopping or slowing the shrinking of hair follicles (tiny, tubular structures in the skin through which hair grows) associated with pattern hair loss. New hairs grown by minoxidil treatment may be thinner and shorter than previous hairs, though they are often produced in sufficient amounts to successfully blend with existing hair and at least partially cover bald spots. Minoxidil must be used continuously to remain effective, as any hair grown as a result of use usually falls out once treatment is stopped. Not all patients grow hair with minoxidil. When it is effective, it may take six months to a year for the drug to begin working. A physician may recommend discontinuing use of minoxidil if no results or minimal results are achieved within about nine to 12 months.
Finasteride (Propecia, Proscar). A prescription medication used to treat male androgenic alopecia. Taken daily in pill form, finasteride often slows the rate of hair loss and, in some cases, may initiate new hair growth. It works by inhibiting the conversion of the hormone testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a hair follicle shrinking hormone that contributes to hair loss in men. Like minoxidil, any hair that is regrown or maintained while using finasteride is likely to fall out after the drug is discontinued. It may also take one year or longer before results are noticeable.

Patients with mild alopecia areata may benefit from corticosteroid scalp injections and those with more extensive hair loss may require oral corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are a group of anti-inflammatory drugs similar to hormones produced by the body. Ointments and creams may also be used less frequently, though they tend to be less effective than corticosteroids.

In addition, the medication anthralin may provide some benefit for patients with alopecia areata. Usually used to treat psoriasis (a chronic condition marked by frequent episodes where the skin becomes itchy and red and develops thick, dry, silvery scales), anthralin is a tar-like substance applied daily to the scalp for 20 to 60 minutes and then washed off. Anthralin may also be used along with other hair medications (e.g., minoxidil) for better results.

Other treatments that may be used for alopecia areata include topical sensitizers (drugs that provoke an allergic reaction that eventually leads to hair growth) and phototherapy (controlled exposure to ultraviolet radiation).

Patients who are not considered good candidates for medical hair restoration may benefit from hair restoration surgery. These popular treatment methods are often effective at creating a hairline that appears natural. However, hair restoration techniques have limited potential to transplant hair to areas other than hairlines. People with diffuse or extensively thinning hair across large areas of the scalp do not typically make good candidates.

Recent technological improvements have helped create safer and easier hair restoration techniques than in years past. In some cases, a combination of techniques may be used to accomplish the best possible results. In addition to other factors (e.g., cause of hair loss, patient lifestyle), the patient’s extent and pattern of hair loss will determine which hair restoration surgery will be performed.

The most commonly used surgical method of hair restoration is hair transplantation. It involves the removal of small pieces of hair-growing scalp (grafts) from a “donor site” (usually the lower back or sides of the scalp) and moving them to a bald or balding area. Multiple surgeries over an extended period may be necessary to achieve an appearance the patient feels is satisfactory, with each surgery usually separated by a healing time of several months. Hair color and texture may play a role in determining how much coverage is necessary. Light-colored or coarse hair typically covers better than hair that is fine or dark-colored. The number of hairs moved varies according to the type of grafting method utilized:

Micro-graft. About one to two hairs.
Mini-graft. About two to four hairs.
Slit graft. Roughly four to 10 hairs each. Slit grafts are inserted into slits created in the scalp.
Punch graft. Typically round-shaped and contain about 10 to15 hairs.
Strip graft. About 30 to 40 hairs each. Strip grafts are done in sections that are long and thin.

Different names or descriptions of grafting techniques may be used at different facilities. Nevertheless, all hair transplant procedures involve one or a combination of these grafting techniques.

The use of mini-grafts or micro-grafts, particularly in more noticeable areas such as the hairline has become increasingly popular in recent years. Transplanting hair in small amounts creates an appearance that is more natural. Mini-grafts and micro-grafts tend to grow out like normal hair and are often undetectable. Larger grafts may be used for greater coverage behind the hairline, but may also be more noticeable.

Other hair restoration surgeries include:

Tissue expansion. Commonly used to treat burns and injuries that cause skin loss. A balloon-like device (tissue expander) is inserted beneath hair-growing scalp next to a bald area and inflated with salt water for several weeks. This causes the skin to expand, creating new skin cells. After skin beneath the hair has been adequately expanded, an additional procedure stretches the expanded skin over the bald area where it is stitched closed.
Flap surgery. A section of bald scalp is removed and hair-growing scalp is stretched and sewn in its place, with hair growing to the edge of the incision. The size and placement of the flap depends on the individual patient. Flap surgery is designed to cover large areas of baldness, with one flap providing roughly the same coverage as several hundred punch grafts. In some cases, it may also be combined with other restoration surgeries (e.g., tissue expansion) to provide better coverage.
Scalp reduction. Bald scalp is removed and sections of hair-growing scalp are pulled forward to fill in a bald crown area. Scalp reduction surgery may be used to cover areas at the top and back of the head, but is generally inappropriate for covering the frontal hairline. A section of bald scalp is first anesthetized (numbed) and then removed. The pattern of the scalp removed may vary according to the extent of baldness and the goals of the patient. The skin immediately surrounding the removed scalp is loosened, pulled together and closed with stitches.

In some cases, medication may be used in conjunction with hair restoration surgery.

Before hair restoration

Prior to starting treatment, a physician will obtain the patient’s complete medical history, review any family history of hair loss and ask if prior attempts at hair restoration have been made. In addition, the physician will evaluate the patient’s hair loss patterns during a physical examination. An assessment of these factors will help determine the best available hair restoration method.

If surgery is deemed appropriate for restoring lost hair, a physician will provide specific instructions (e.g., eating and drinking guidelines) about how to prepare beforehand. All medical conditions (e.g., high blood pressure, blood-clotting disorders), current medications (e.g., anticoagulants, aspirin) and lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking) that could potentially complicate treatment will need to be brought to the operating physician’s attention.

Important concepts of hair restoration that will be discussed prior to surgery include:

The ongoing nature of hair loss. Hair loss occurs throughout the lifetime of someone with the condition. This will need to be clearly understood by the patient prior to surgery.
Framing of the face. The goal of hair restoration surgery is to deflect attention from the hairline and make the central face the focus of attention.
Appearance. Modern hair replacement techniques should produce a look that does not seem odd or artificial. When performed correctly, hair restoration can put forth the illusion that no surgery has taken place. Similarly, the physician will determine which areas of hair loss the patient finds most troubling.
Hairline. The creation of a permanent hairline must continue to be acceptable by the patient as they age. Rounded or youthful hairlines often look artificial later in life.

In addition, the type of anesthesia (numbing agent) that will be used during hair restoration surgery and its effects may be discussed to alleviate patient concerns about pain and expected recovery time. The location of the procedure, the procedures to be used as well as the associated risks and costs will all need to be clearly explained by the physician well in advance. Transportation home for the patient after the procedure will also need to be arranged beforehand.

During hair restoration

Patients using medications as a means of hair restoration (e.g., minoxidil, finasteride) will need to apply the product daily as recommended by their physician to ensure the best possible results. Medications may or may not be successful in stopping hair loss and/or stimulating hair regrowth. When effective, improvement in appearance is generally noticeable within several months.

Hair restoration surgeries are performed on an outpatient basis, usually under local anesthesia while the patient is awake. The patient may be placed under general anesthesia (asleep during the procedure) during more extensive surgeries. Patients under anesthesia will be insensitive to pain, although those under local anesthesia may feel pressure or a tugging sensation during the procedure.

Hair transplantation involves the removal of small pieces of hair-growing scalp (grafts) from a donor site (usually the back or sides of the head) and implanting them in a bald or balding area. It is the most popular surgical hair restoration method.

At the beginning of the surgery, the hair at the donor site will be trimmed short to facilitate easy access and removal of the skin. Both the recipient and donor sites are sterilized to help prevent infection. Different tools may be used depending on the size of the graft and where it is to be relocated. An average donor site rarely produces more than 100 follicles (tiny, tubular structures in the skin through which hair grows) per square centimeter. The size of the total area removed depends on hair density at the donor site.

After grafts are removed from the donor site, they are then separated into smaller sections and transplanted into small holes or slits prepared in the scalp. Grafts are placed about one-eighth of an inch (approximately 30 millimeters) apart to maintain healthy circulation. Subsequent treatments with additional grafts may later be required to fill in any open spaces that remain or have since appeared. During the procedure, a saline (salt water) solution may be periodically injected into the scalp to help keep the skin strong and resilient. The donor site is then stitched shut, leaving a small scar that is usually covered by surrounding hair. The total process typically takes from five to 12 hours depending on the number of grafts taken and the number of staff required.

Some differences in the technique may be incorporated for women who undergo hair transplantation. The use of minoxidil 2 percent may be advised for two weeks immediately before surgery and resumed five to seven days following the procedure. Larger grafts may be necessary behind the hairline to give a natural appearance.

During a tissue expansion procedure, a balloon-shaped object called a tissue expander is placed beneath hair-growing scalp that borders a bald area. The tissue expander is then gradually inflated with salt water over a several week period during which time the patient can perform normal duties. This causes hair-growing skin to stretch and produce new hair-growing skin cells. When the tissue expander has stretched the skin sufficiently, an incision is made by a physician and the hair-growing scalp is stretched over the adjoining bald area and stitched closed.

During a flap surgery, a section of bald scalp is first cut out. Then a section of adjoining, hair-growing scalp is lifted off the surface while it is still attached at one end. The hair-growing scalp is then stretched and sewn into place where the bald scalp was removed while remaining connected to its original blood supply at the other end. The size of the flap needed and the way it is placed will depend largely on the needs and expectations of the patient.

During a scalp reduction, a portion of the scalp is removed. The skin surrounding the removed area is then loosened and sewn together with stitches. Scalp reductions provide coverage of bald areas at the top and back of the scalp. However, they are not effective for coverage of the frontal hairline. The size of incision may vary according to the extent of the procedure. Scalp may be removed in the shape of an inverted Y, U, pointed oval or other figure depending on the amount of coverage needed.

After hair restoration

Following hair restoration surgery, the scalp is cleansed, the “donor site” is typically covered with an adhesive bandage and the patient’s head is wrapped in a turban. The patient may be kept in the facility briefly after hair restoration surgery for monitoring before being accompanied home by a friend or relative.

Bandages can usually be removed in about one day. Patients may resume wetting and washing hair approximately two days after surgery. If stitches have been used, they are typically removed about seven to 10 days afterward. The wound at the donor site is typically healed in a week to 10 days, leaving only a narrow scar. Infection may occur in rare cases.

How quickly a patient is able to resume normal activities following surgical hair restoration depends upon the size and scope of the procedure, as well as the individual reaction and healing abilities of the patient. Any pain, tightness or throbbing experienced is usually temporary and manageable with over-the-counter medication (e.g., aspirin). Prescription pain medication may be needed during the first two days following the procedure. Swelling may develop two to three days after hair restoration surgery, and typically lasts three to 10 days, depending on its severity.

Patients may also be advised to do the following:

Avoid strenuous activity (e.g., exercise, sexual activity) for several days or weeks, as increased blood flow to the scalp may cause bleeding.
Do not drink alcoholic beverages for at least two days following surgery.
Sleep with the head elevated for the first one or two nights following surgery.
After daily shampooing, apply antibiotic ointment to the graft and donor areas with a cotton swab or clean fingers.
Do not pick or scratch scabs or crusts that may form at the transplant sites. They will naturally fall off within about two weeks.
Wait at least two weeks before wearing a hairpiece.

The operating physician may want to periodically check the scalp in the first month following surgery to make sure incisions are healing properly. It is not uncommon for “new” hair to fall out about six weeks after surgery. This is usually temporary, with hair growth resuming in approximately six weeks at the rate of about a half-inch (13 millimeters) per month.

In some instances, follow-up procedures may be necessary after the incisions have healed. Blending or filling in the hairline using a combination of grafting techniques may be performed to create a more natural look if transplanted hairs do not grow or if hair loss progresses in other areas after surgery. Patients who have had a flap procedure performed may need to have small bumps of skin that remain visible on the scalp (“dog ears”) removed.

A physician may prescribe the use of minoxidil or finasteride following hair restoration surgery to minimize further hair loss and ensure a patient’s new hairline retains a natural appearance. Patients using one or both of these drugs will need to continue their use indefinitely. Hair loss will most likely resume and any new hair grown as a result of these drugs will fall out once their use is discontinued.

Potential risks and benefits of hair restoration

The risks and benefits of hair restoration depend on the method used. When performed correctly, successful hair restoration can provide patients with hair that appears natural. Recent advances in hair transplantation make it possible for some patients to achieve this natural look in one session. Careful planning combined with the right candidate can produce lasting results.

Recent advances in grafting technology have made surgical procedures much more effective and less noticeable, though they tend to be expensive and may be painful. Hair replacement surgery is usually safe when performed by a qualified physician. However, side effects can occur and may include:

Nausea or vomiting caused by medication
Postoperative bleeding or infection (rare)
Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis)
Headache
Numbness of the scalp
Scarring
Poor growth of grafts (transplanted tissue)

Hair replacement surgery is not generally recommended for people without sufficient quantities of donor hair, such as men with premature pattern baldness (androgenetic alopecia) or extensive balding. Further progression of hair loss following surgery may result in a “patchy” appearance, particularly if new hair loss occurs next to patches of transplanted hair. Additional procedures may be required for some patients to achieve a look that is cosmetically acceptable.

The medications minoxidil and finasteride are normally safe methods of hair restoration that cause only occasional minor side effects when used as directed (e.g., skin irritation). However, finasteride is not approved for use in women. In addition, women of child bearing age should not ingest or handle finasteride due to a risk of serious side effects in male fetuses.

Continued use of finasteride and/or minoxidil may regrow hair and/or stop hair loss after several months in some individuals, though these medications do not work for everyone. Furthermore, any hair grown or maintained because of the medication is usually lost within several months after treatment stops.

What is " Botox "

2008-01-03T09:52:00.000-08:00

Reviewed By:
Mary Ellen Luchetti, M.D., AAD
Sandeep Singla, DDS, MD

Botox (Botulinum Toxin Type A) is the brand name for a cosmetic treatment that temporary improves facial lines (wrinkles) between the eyebrows and in other areas. It is a sterile, purified form of the Clostridium botulinum, a bacterium that contains the toxin responsible for food poisoning. Saline is added to Botox to dilute its potency before use, in varying amounts according to the physician.

Normally, the brain sends electrochemical messages to the muscles, causing them to contract and move. These messages are sent from a nerve to the muscle by a substance called acetylcholine. The cosmetic use of Botox works by producing a protein that blocks nerve signals to muscle, causing paralysis of the injected muscle. It stops the release of acetylcholine from the nerve which relaxes the muscle. This greatly reduces, and in some cases prevents, movement of the muscles.

It takes 24 to 48 hours for the muscle weakness or paralysis to develop. The results, however, are not permanent. After about two to six months, the nerve will recover and start releasing acetylcholine again, causing the muscles to become active. At this point, the patient will require a new injection of Botox.

Botox was originally used to treat muscle disorders, including facial dystonias, uncontrolled blinking and lazy eye. In addition, fewer units per injection of Botox may be used to treat hyperhidrosis (a disorder characterized by excessive sweating) by paralyzing sweat glands in the underarms, hands and feet. Botox was approved for cosmetic use in the United States by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2002.

Studies have suggested that Botox can be effectively used as a treatment for a number of other conditions, including migraine headaches, overactive bladder, tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) and enlarged prostate. However, additional research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of using Botox to treat these conditions.

Wrinkles that appear across the forehead, between the eyebrows (glabellar lines), around the eyes (crow’s feet) and on the bridge of a person’s nose are the result of muscle movement (e.g., frowning, squinting) over time. Muscle bands on the neck may also become visible with age. When Botox is injected into these wrinkles, it temporarily reduces the contractions of the underlying muscles. This diminishes the appearance of wrinkles for up to 120 days, according to the FDA.

Improvement in the appearance of wrinkles will vary according to the practitioner performing the injections and the depth of the facial lines. Botox is not typically used for lines around the mouth because the underlying muscles in this region are needed for essential functions, such as talking and eating. It is important to note that Botox injections will not radically alter a patient’s facial appearance or affect their ability to make facial expressions.

There are some effects from aging that cannot be temporarily remedied with Botox. Excess fat around the face, loss of skin elasticity and decreased muscle tone will not respond to treatment with Botox.

According to the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) 3,181,592 Botox injections were given in 2006. It was the leading cosmetic procedure (both surgical and nonsurgical) among both men and women. The treatment is indicated for use by adults between the ages of 18 and 65.

There is growing controversy in the medical community over the mass treatment of patients who attend “Botox parties.” During these gatherings, individuals socialize with one another, consult with a Botox practitioner and receive injections of the toxin. Some practitioners contend that Botox parties are a good way for patients to receive more affordable injections in a more relaxed atmosphere. However, critics claim that the bulk distribution of Botox is potentially dangerous because each vial of Botox is intended for a single patient during a single treatment session, and there is no preservative in Botox to prevent contamination if a single vial is used repeatedly. In addition, Botox parties often involve the consumption of alcoholic beverages, which may intensify bruising in some patients.

In addition, the FDA is growing concerned that there is a great potential for Botox abuse. Recent ASAPS reports indicate that Botox is being dispensed by unqualified people in home-based offices, hotel rooms, gyms, salons and other retail settings.

Currently, Botox is the only drug of its kind available for use in the United States. However, other similar drugs are presently awaiting FDA approval for use in the United States. One such drug, Myobloc (Botulinum toxin type B), has been approved for the treatment of cervical dystonia (muscle spasms in the neck) and patients may consent to “off-label use” of the drug for cosmetic purposes. The term “off-label” refers to the use of approved drugs for a purpose other than which it was originally intended, and that was not approved by the FDA.

Before, during and after the Botox procedure

Botox injections are increasingly being administered by non-medical practitioners. However, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that patients interested in receiving Botox consult a qualified physician (often a dermatologist) because results may vary depending on who administers the injections.

The physician will compile a complete medical history, including a list of current medications and allergies, to determine if the patient is a good candidate for Botox injections (e.g., does not have droopy eyelids, neurological, muscular disease). If the patient is deemed an appropriate candidate, the physician will describe the procedure in detail. It is important that the physician inform patients about the capabilities of Botox so they do not have unrealistic expectations going into the procedure.

Although Botox can temporarily relax certain facial lines (wrinkles), it cannot actually erase them. This means that superficial facial lines will practically disappear, and deeper facial lines will appear shallower after treatment. Botox may also help prevent new facial lines from forming. A photograph may be taken at this time for comparison after the procedure.

Before Botox injections are administered, the patient is placed in an upright position on an examination table. The patient may be asked to contract the muscles in the area being treated. This enables the physician to determine the correct location for the injection. The future injection sites are cleansed with a nonalcoholic solution, and a topical anesthetic may be applied to the skin. In some cases, the area to be injected can be iced to decrease the discomfort associated with skin penetration by the needle. The physician then injects the Botox directly into the muscles that cause the facial lines. Typical patterns of Botox injection include two or three areas around each eye and four to five areas on both sides of the patient’s forehead. Depending on the skill of the physician, the type of wrinkles present and the desired effect, additional areas may be injected. If a site appears to bleed after injection, pressure may be applied to the affected area.

Discomfort during Botox injection is typically brief and minimal, and the entire procedure normally takes approximately 10 minutes. After the procedure, the patient will usually be instructed to lay semiupright or upright on the examination table for approximately two to five minutes to ensure that the injections did not produce any ill effects. It is recommended that patients avoid lying down for up to four hours after Botox injections have been administered.

There is no downtime required after the procedure and patients can immediately return to work and resume normal daily activities. To avoid or reduce bruising, patients should refrain from using aspirin and related products (e.g., ibuprofen), clopidogrel and warfarin after the procedure. They should also avoid manipulation in the treated area for several hours. This reduces the movement of Botox, which can cause ptosis (eyelid droop). Patients can apply make-up to the area after treatment.

Some physicians recommend that patients work the injected area several times in the days that follow the procedure, whereas others instruct patients to avoid using the affected muscles for several days after the injections. To date, no studies have been conducted to determine which course of action produces the most desirable results.

Potential benefits and risks of Botox

Benefits of Botox injections include a reduction in facial lines (wrinkles) and a more youthful appearance. Botox may also effectively treat certain medical conditions. For example, individuals who receive Botox injections to treat hyperhidrosis (a disorder characterized by excessive sweating) may experience a decrease in sweating.

Very few risks are associated with Botox injections administered by a qualified physician. Though uncommon, tenderness, burning, numbness and mild bruising may occur around the site of injection. The procedure may also result in pain, headache, flu-like illness, nausea and rash.

Rarely, drooping of the eyebrow area or eyelid or dry eye may occur. Risk of severe eyelid drooping (ptosis) or ectropion (condition in which the eyelid turns outward) is minimal. Individuals may experience double vision (diplopia) in very rare instances.

When Botox is injected into the neck, patients may experience drooling, bruising, weakness of neck muscles, drooping of the corner of the mouth and difficulty swallowing (dysphagia). Injections into the lower portion of a patient’s face may result in lip drooping or asymmetry of the mouth. Pain, temporary muscle weakness and coughing may occur when Botox is used to treat hyperhidrosis. Patients are urged to report these and any other unusual symptoms to their physician.

There are a number of medications that may interact with Botox. These include antibiotics, heart medicines and those used to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Patients are advised to fully inform the physician of all medications or supplements (e.g., vitamins) that are used before exposure to Botox.

Because Botox is prepared with an egg (albumin) base, it is not indicated for individuals who are allergic to eggs. Patients with immune system disorders should also avoid the treatment. In addition, Botox is not recommended for women who are or may be pregnant or those who are breastfeeding. It is unknown whether Botox can negatively affect the fetus or whether it is found in breast milk. The effects of Botox on children and the elderly are also not known.

Patients should notify their physician if they have any of the following:

Neurological or muscular disease
Heart problems
Infection, swelling or muscle weakness in the injection site
Previous allergic reaction to Botox
History of botulism infection
Swallowing problems

Facial skin rejuvenation

2008-01-03T09:39:00.000-08:00

Reviewed By:
Rana Rofagha Sajjadian, M.D., AAD
Mary Ellen Luchetti, M.D., AAD

Facial skin rejuvenation is the use of techniques designed to restore damaged skin to a youthful, healthier-looking appearance. It may involve medications, procedures, surgery or a combination of these treatments, and is used to repair damage caused by factors such as illness, aging and exposure to the sun.
The skin is the largest organ in the body. Over time, the skin fibers that keep the skin taut – collagen and elastin – weaken as a combination of gravity and internal and external factors pull the skin downward. In addition, years of exposure to the sun can create superficial blemishes that become more pronounced with time, and disorders such as acne can cause scarring that is cosmetically unappealing.

Dermatologists and dermatologic surgeons use facial skin rejuvenation to combat this deterioration and improve the skin’s general appearance. Different techniques may be performed depending on the condition to be treated. A person’s skin type is a critical factor in determining which procedure can best restore facial skin health.

Facial skin rejuvenation can help reduce wrinkles and sun spots, tighten loose skin, improve skin texture and color, remove blotches or damaged blood vessels, and lessen the appearance of minor scars. Over the years, advances have helped make such procedures less invasive and safer.

Types and differences of facial rejuvenation

There are several main categories of facial skin rejuvenation, including:

Topical products. These are drugs or cosmetics that are applied to the skin. They usually are used to treat fine lines, superficial wrinkles and other milder signs of aging. Some topicals can also be used to prevent skin damage or to reduce or delay the need for other procedures. Topical medications include tretinoin (a substance within the vitamin A family), alpha-hydroxy acids (derived from fruit and dairy products) and topical antioxidants (including vitamins C and E).
Fillers. Soft tissue fillers are used to elevate facial furrows and hollows, reduce wrinkles and give the skin a smoother appearance. They are especially effective when used around the lips and mouth and for correcting depressions and scars. Substances used for this purpose include bovine collagen (fibrous protein substance derived from cows), fat removed from another part of the patient’s body, hyaluronic acid derivatives, hydroxyapatite, poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), and silicone and polymer implants.
Botulinum toxin. This agent – a purified version of the bacteria that cause botulism food poisoning – can be safely injected in tiny amounts into individual muscles to create a nerve block that relaxes that muscle’s movement. Botulinum toxin is used to treat lines and wrinkles associated with facial expression. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved use of this product for glabellar wrinkles, or wrinkles between the eyebrows. However, many dermatologists and plastic surgeons also routinely treat other areas, such as forehead lines or crow’s feet around the eyes, safely. Botulinum toxin also may be used to relax muscle bands that may be visible in the neck. Treatment results typically last for three to four months.
Chemical peels. Chemical solutions such as alpha-hydroxy acids, trichloroacetic acid and carbolic acid may be applied to remove outer layers of aged, discolored or irregular skin. Depending on the specific type and concentration of the acid used, the skin exfoliates or peels over a period of days, leaving behind new skin that is smoother, has fewer wrinkles and is more even in color. Chemical peels are often used to treat wrinkles around the eyes and mouth, skin discoloration, age spots, mild acne scars and dull skin. They may range from mild peels (for fine lines and wrinkles) to medium-depth peels (for moderate skin damage, such as age spots, freckles and precancerous growths such as actinic keratoses). Chemical peels cannot remove deeper scars.
Dermabrasion. Resurfacing procedure in which skin is mechanically “sanded” with an abrasive instrument, such as a rapidly rotating brush. This removes outer skin layers and smoothes the skin overall. It is used to treat significant scarring, pigmentation and sun damage. Although healing time may take several weeks, results are often impressive and long-lasting.
Microdermabrasion. A technique similar to dermabrasion that uses either micro-particles or a diamond-tipped wand to remove part of the top skin layer (epidermis). This helps stimulate proteins involved in cell differentiation and growth. Key adventages of microdermabrasion are that it is noninvasive, does not require anesthesia and creates little or no discomfort. In addition, it does not require significant recovery time. It is usually performed in several treatment sessions, two or three weeks apart.

Lasers. Used to remove layers of skin with laser light energy. Lasers work by creating an intense beam of light that travels in one direction. They may be either ablative (remove the top layer of skin) or nonablative (treat layers beneath the surface layer). Lasers are used to vaporize or improve wrinkles, scars, skin discoloration, broken blood vessels and precancerous skin growth. Lasers also may be used to treat lines and blemishes on the neck and to improve folds and creases by tightening loose skin. Finally, lasers often enhance other treatments, such as chemical peels, liposuction of the face and neck, and blepharoplasty (eyelid surgery).

Intense pulse light (IPL). Makes use of broad spectrum light that filters out harmful wavelengths. It is used to treat vascular (blood vessels) lesions and problems involving texture, pigmentation and pore size. IPL is often combined with techniques such as microdermabrasion or botulinum toxin.
Light-emitting devices (LED). Makes use of light, delivered through light emitting diodes (LEDs), to activate skin cell receptors stimulating them to produce new collagen and elastin. It is used to treat fine lines, hyperpigmented lesions (brown spots and freckles) and other skin problems associated with sun damage. LED is often combined with other facial rejuvenation treatments such as botulinum toxin, dermal fillers and nonablative laser, IPL and photodynamic therapies.
Radiofrequency technology. Using radiofrequency waves, these non-invasive techniques result in skin contraction and tightening that can lead to lifting of the face, brow and cheeks without surgery or a prolonged recovery time.
Photodynamic therapy. Involves the application of a topical medication called 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to the skin. ALA is left on the skin for a specified period of time. The area is then treated with colored light (blue, yellow or red) using LED, IPL or a pulsated dye laser. Photodynamic therapy also can effectively treat early precancerous changes of the skin.
Surgical excision. Removal of tissue using a scalpel or other sharp instrument. Excision may be used to remove moles, scars and benign (noncancerous) skin growths that enlarge with aging. Surgical excision may also be used to treat droopy eyelids by removing excess fat pads and skin (blepharoplasty), reduce severe lines in the forehead, raise the eyebrows (browlift) and tighten and trim excess skin on the cheeks, chin, neck and around the mouth (rhytidectomy, or facelift).
Liposuction. Surgical removal of local fat deposits by applying suction through a small tube inserted into the body. Liposuction can be used to remove excess fat and improve the contour of the face and neck areas. Local anesthetic is often used in liposuction procedures.
Neck and jowl treatments. Many different techniques may be used alone or in combination to treat problems such as sagging jowls or double chins. Techniques include chemical peels, botulinum toxin therapy, laser resurfacing, liposuction, radiofrequency procedures and neck lifting.

The choice of technique used to treat a patient may vary depending on several factors. A patient’s skin type and treatment goals are important factors in determining which technique is best. In some cases, a combination of techniques may produce improved results.

Before, during and after facial rejuvenation

Patients who are considering facial skin rejuvenation will consult with a physician to discuss various aspects of the procedure. It is important to search for a qualified dermatologist who has experience performing facial skin rejuvenation.

Dermatologists are skilled in the use of a wide variety of surgical and nonsurgical methods of treating skin conditions. As a result, they will be able to recommend a procedure based on:

Type of skin condition being treated
Location of the skin being treated
Degree of damage
Patient’s skin type
Patient’s treatment goals
Time required for recovery
Patient’s age
Patient’s medical history

Prior to the procedure, patients should follow any preparatory advice recommended by their physician. This may include dietary restrictions and changes in medication regimen. The choice of technique will dictate how the procedure unfolds. Some procedures – such as botulinum toxin injections and others that may take place in a physician’s office – can be completed in as little as 30 minutes without the use of anesthetics. However, more invasive surgical procedures (e.g., eyelid surgery) may require use of anesthetics and a brief hospital stay.

Recovery time for facial skin rejuvenation varies significantly, depending on the technique used to treat patients. Many techniques – such as soft tissue filler and botulinum toxin injections, microdermabrasion and some laser and intense pulse light (IPL) treatments – require no recovery time. More invasive procedures may require between three and 10 days of recovery time.

In most cases, patients will feel no significant pain as a result of the procedure. Minor discomfort may occur, however, in addition to mild redness and swelling. In many cases, repeat procedures will be necessary at some point to maintain the restorative effect achieved during the initial procedure.

Potential risks with facial skin rejuvenation

Facial skin rejuvenation is generally safe, and new surgical techniques and technological advances have made surgical procedures less risky. However, there are risks associated with any type of treatment, especially surgery. Side effects may include:

Mild redness
Inflammation
Minor discomfort
Sun sensitivity months or years after treatment

More significant side effects also may occur, especially when more invasive procedures are used. These may include:

Scarring
Persistent redness
Permanent pigment changes

Processes such as chemical peels and dermabrasion sometimes cause reddening and peeling of the face that is similar to a sunburn. This typically lasts from a few days to several weeks, depending on the strength of the solution used and the depth of the skin peel in chemical peels, or the amount of skin surface removed in dermabrasion. Medications may be prescribed to reduce discomfort or prevent infection, and patients will be advised to remain out of the sun until the new skin is ready for such exposure.

Aging & the Skin

2008-01-03T09:35:00.000-08:00

Reviewed By:
Kimberly Bazar, M.D., AAD

Aging has many effects on a person’s skin, from wrinkles and sags to increased risk of certain skin conditions, such as skin cancer. As people age, their skin begins to change due to environmental factors, genetic makeup, nutrition and other factors.

Covering the entire outside of the body, the skin is the body’s largest organ and consists of three layers: the epidermis (composed of skin cells, pigment and protein), the dermis (composed of blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles and oil glands) and the subcutaneous tissue (composed of sweat glands, hair follicles, blood vessels and fat). Each layer also contains connective tissue, collagen fibers for support and elastin fibers to provide flexibility.

Hair and nails are modified versions of skin. Hair maintains warmth in the body by preserving heat. Hair located around the eyes and in the nose and ears protects these areas from small particles such as dust. It also cushions the body against injury. Nails sprout from deep folds in the fingers and toes. They provide protection and support for the sensitive fingertips and toes.

The skin serves many roles in an individual's body. It protects a person from the environment, helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and provides receptors that help the body feel sensations such as pain, vibration and pressure. It grows faster than any other organ in the body, and people continuously renew their skin throughout their lifetime.

From the moment a person is born, the skin begins a process of constant change. A baby’s skin tends to be soft and smooth and has a thicker layer of fat and thinner layer of keratin, a protein that is the chief component of hair and nails. As a person enters the young adult years, the skin becomes stronger and suppler.

As people age, many changes affect their skin. The outer skin layers (dermis and epidermis) begin to thin and the number of cells containing pigment (melanocytes) begins to decrease, even as the remaining melanocytes increase in size. Connective tissue begins to change, reducing the skin’s strength and elasticity (elastosis) and causing it to take on a leathery appearance. The skin also dries out and begins to lose underlying fat (except in the abdomen and thighs), and fine wrinkles increasingly appear.

Causes of aging-related skin changes

Sun exposure (photodamage) is the chief source of aging-related skin damage, including blotchy pigmentation, wrinkling and scaling. The more skin is exposed to the sun without protection, the greater the likelihood of developing signs of aging. A person’s skin type plays a significant role in how damage manifests. For example, people with blue eyes and light skin are much more likely to show aging skin changes than those with darker eyes and skin.

In addition, skin becomes even more vulnerable to sun damage as it ages and the number of cells containing pigment (melanocytes) begins to decrease. Because older people have a reduced inflammatory response, they are less likely to develop sunburn than younger people. However, this lack of sunburn masks the fact that older people with fewer melanocytes are actually more likely to suffer significant ultraviolet radiation damage than younger people.

Long-term exposure to the sun has been linked to many aging-related skin changes, including loss of elasticity (elastosis), skin growths (keratoacanthomas), thinning of the skin, pigment changes (such as age spots), actinic keratosis (precancerous skin changes) and skin cancers. People who spend a lot of time outdoors may develop solar elastosis due to sun exposure, which causes the leathery appearance to become even more pronounced. Other environmental factors that may contribute to skin damage include climate, exposure to chemicals and allergies.

Genetics also play a role in the development of aging-related skin changes. A person's tendency to develop wrinkles, for instance, may be inherited from their parents.

Additional aging-related changes that impact the appearance of the skin include:

Weakening of blood vessels in the skin’s middle layer (dermis). As these vessels become more fragile, bruising, bleeding under the skin (purpura) and cherry angiomas (small red spots on the skin) may occur.
Thinning of the subcutaneous fat layer. This layer of skin provides insulation and padding and absorbs some medications. As the subcutaneous layer thins, a person becomes more susceptible to skin injury and medications may work differently in the person’s system. The subcutaneous fat layer also helps the body to maintain proper body temperature. The thinning of this layer leaves the body with less natural insulation, increasing the risk of hypothermia during exposure to cold.
Decreased sweat glands. Both the sweat glands and blood vessels in the skin begin to decrease. This makes it more difficult for patients to keep cool, putting them at increased risk for overheating or suffering heat stroke.
Drying out of the skin. This condition – known as xerosis – occurs in a majority of older people and may result in itchiness (pruritus) and a roughness to the skin’s texture. It is particularly likely during the winter. The exact cause of this drying out is unknown, although a reduction of oil production from the sebaceous glands may be at least partially responsible. Women produce less oil after menopause, which causes dry skin and itchiness. Men experience a lesser decrease, usually after age 80.

As people age, they also become more vulnerable to diseases and disorders that may cause skin conditions. Diseases that can impact the skin include diabetes, liver disease, heart disease and arteriosclerosis (a blood vessel disease). Shingles (a viral infection caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox) is also more common and painful in people older than 50, although it can occur in people of any age. Other factors that may impact the skin include stress, medication reactions, obesity and lack of adequate nutrition.

Symptoms of aging-related skin changes

As the skin begins to slowly deteriorate during the aging process, a number of symptoms may appear. The skin often appears thinner, paler and more translucent. People may look increasingly gaunt, with hollowed cheeks and eye sockets. “Laugh lines” may appear around the mouth, and crow’s feet may appear around the eyes. Sleep lines – which are temporary marks on the face that appear after sleeping on a pillow all night – may become etched into the face.

As gravity takes its toll on the skin, the eyelids begin to fall, jowls form, the nose tip droops downward, the upper lip recedes while the lower lip protrudes and the ears grow longer. The skin dries out and begins to lose elasticity.

Areas that are exposed to sun may develop into brown patches known as age spots or liver spots. These most often appear on the face, hands, arms, back and feet of people with fair skin.

Skin is more vulnerable to injury as the subcutaneous fat layer breaks down and a person’s sense of touch becomes reduced (due to a decrease in the number of nerve endings in the skin). Simple rubbing or pulling of the skin can result in tearing of the skin and blood vessels are more easily broken. Even minor injuries can result in bruises, flat collections of blood (purpuras) or raised collections of blood (hematomas). Such injuries most frequently appear on the outside of the forearms.

Not only is aging skin more susceptible to injury, but it also heals more slowly. The slow healing process may result in ulcers or skin infections. In addition, the aging process makes people more susceptible to growths such as warts, skin tags (small, fleshy, noncancerous skin growths attached to a stem-like base), seborrheic keratoses (benign, gray/brown rough-surfaced growths) and cherry angiomas (benign skin growths that appear as small, smooth, cherry-red bumps). Generally, skin disorders are more common in older people.

Aging also increases the presence of spider veins, blood vessels located just beneath the skin surface that grow larger and appear red or blue when they weaken and become clogged. They most often appear in “sunburst” patterns on the face and legs, but can affect other areas of the body.

Finally, aging impacts other types of skin such as hair and nails. Hair begins to go gray as hair follicles produce less of the pigment (melanin) that gives hair its color. This occurs first on the scalp and then on other areas of the body. Over time, gray hair eventually turns white. People may also experience hair loss on the scalp or grow unwanted hair in other regions. Nails may grow slower and become dull, brittle, yellowed and opaque. Toenails may become hard and thick over time.

Prevention of age-related skin changes

It is impossible to prevent all of the changes that occur to the skin as a person ages. However, older individuals can take steps to slow the pace of these changes, or to treat symptoms that result from these changes. Tips include:

Avoid sun exposure. Sun damage (photodamage) is the leading cause of wear and tear to the skin ranging from wrinkles to skin cancer. For this reason, people should always wear sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or higher when outdoors, even during the winter. Protective clothing, such as wide brimmed hats, long-sleeved shirts and long pants can also help protect the body from the harmful effects of the sun. If possible, avoid exposure to the sun during the peak sun hours of 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Avoiding sun exposure is especially important for those living in warmer climates – with every four degrees of closeness to the equator, the incidence of skin cancer doubles.
Use moisturizers and emollients. Simple, inexpensive versions of these products can be effective in restoring moisture to dry skin. Moisturizers that contain lactic acid or urea may be more effective in relieving the severe dryness associated with aging skin. These products are intended to alleviate the actual cause of dryness rather than to just treat the symptoms.
Maintain a healthy diet and consume adequate fluids. Poor nutrition increases the risk of skin rashes, lesions and other skin changes. Foods that are recommended for good skin health include fruits, vegetables, whole grains and “good” fat, such as that found in vegetable oil, fish and nuts. Foods containing sugar, cholesterol, and sodium should be avoided or consumed in moderation. Dehydration increases the risk of injury to skin tissues. Consuming a minimum of eight 8-ounce servings of water throughout the day can help prevent the body from dehydrating.
Talk with a physician about additional medications or treatments. The effects of skin damage can often be treated, slowed or prevented through the use of certain medications (such as tretinoin or alpha hydroxy acids) or procedures (such as cryotherapy, chemical peels, microdermabrasion, Botox, facial skin rejuvenation, soft tissue augmentation, laser resurfacing and blepharoplasty).

Eczema Information

2007-12-30T01:40:00.000-08:00

Reviewed By:
Kimberly Bazar, M.D., AAD

About eczema

Eczema is an inflammation of the skin. It is not life-threatening or contagious. However, it typically causes itchiness, discomfort and a dry, scaly rash. The terms “eczema” and “dermatitis” are usually used interchangeably. There are several types of eczema, but most people use the term to refer to the most common variety known as atopic dermatitis.

Eczema is a common condition that affects people of all ages and races. It usually begins early in life, typically before the age of 5, and often appears periodically throughout a person’s lifetime. In some cases, the condition will improve over time. In other cases, it will remain chronic (ongoing). Although some children outgrow the condition, they usually are plagued with dry skin that is easily irritated for the rest of their lives.

Because the disease is intensely itchy, patients often have the urge to rub or scratch the affected area. However, this only makes the condition worse.

Several different triggers for eczema have been identified. They include:

Bacteria
Abrasive clothing (e.g., wool)
Consuming and handling certain foods
Illness
Jewelry
Physical or mental stress
Rubbing the skin
Soaps, detergents, lotions
Perfume
Sweating
Weather (hot, cold, humid or dry)
Exposure to skin irritants (e.g., solvents such as gasoline) or allergens (e.g., dust mites, pollen, mold, pet dander)

Eczema is often hereditary and may be found in other family members. People who suffer from severe eczema often also have hay fever or asthma, or have family members who do.

Types and differences of eczema

There are several different types of eczema. They include:

Atopic dermatitis. The most common form of eczema. It may occur in association with allergies and frequently runs in families with a history of asthma or hay fever. It typically begins in infancy (where it is often related to food allergies) and varies in severity during childhood and adolescence before becoming less troublesome in adulthood. However, exposure to certain allergens or irritants can trigger an outbreak later in life. Stress can exacerbate atopic dermatitis. Some people use the term “atopic dermatitis” interchangeably with “eczema.”
Contact dermatitis. Results from direct skin contact with various irritants (irritant contact dermatitis) or allergens (allergic contact dermatitis). Irritants include laundry soap, skin soaps and cleaning products. Allergens include rubber, metals such as nickel, jewelry, perfume, cosmetics, hair dye, weeds such as poison ivy, and neomycin, an ingredient often found in topical antibiotic creams. A brief exposure to a small amount of allergen can cause contact dermatitis. However, it takes a more significant amount of an irritant – and a longer period of exposure – to trigger irritant contact dermatitis.
Neurodermatitis. Occurs when a tight garment or insect bite irritates the skin, leading to chronic scratching or rubbing and a subsequent rash that is dull red to brown, thickened and slightly scaly. Common locations include ankles, wrists, outer forearms or arms, and the back of the neck.
Seborrheic dermatitis. Common in people with oily skin or hair, it involves an overproduction of skin cells and the skin’s natural oil (sebum). It may reoccur depending on the season of the year or whether the patient is under stress. People who have neurologic conditions such as Parkinson's disease or who are immunocompromised such as in HIV patients also are at risk for this form of eczema. Seborrheic dermatitis is often an inherited condition.
Stasis dermatitis. Occurs on the lower legs when fluid builds up in tissues just beneath the skin, thinning out the skin and interfering with the blood's ability to nourish the skin. Stasis dermatitis is associated with varicose veins and other chronic conditions in the legs.
Perioral dermatitis. Often associated with conditions such as rosacea, adult acne or seborrheic dermatitis of the skin around the mouth or nose. The precise cause is unknown, but exposure to makeup, moisturizers and dental products may be involved.
Latex dermatitis. Occurs when the skin comes into contact with latex, a fluid produced by rubber trees and found in gloves, balloons, condoms and other products.
Dyshidrotic dermatitis. An intensely itchy, chronic form of eczema that typically appears on the palms, fingers and soles of the feet. The cause of dyshidrotic dermatitis is unknown but may include allergies, exposure to irritants and stress. It often progresses to small, fluid-filled bumps, which peel off after one or two weeks. This leaves cracks in the skin that resolve slowly over time.

Signs and symptoms of eczema

The signs and symptoms of eczema vary from person to person and may range from mild to severe. In most cases, eczema begins as intense itching, followed by a patchy rash that is red, inflamed, dry and scaly. The rash most often appears on the face, arms and legs, and particularly affects the creases of the hands and feet. The rash often itches or burns and may ooze or become crusty when scratched.

Rashes in children under age 2 tend to begin on the cheeks, elbows and knees. In adults, rashes are more likely to begin on the inside surfaces of knees and elbows. Adults are more likely than children to have patches that appear brownish, scaly and thickened. Some people with eczema develop red or clear fluid-filled bumps that look bubbly. Painful cracking also may occur.

In some cases, eczema may cause other associated conditions. These may include:

Infection. Affects the body through open sores and cracks associated with eczema. Infections associated with eczema include:
- Impetigo. A form of infection caused by staphylococci bacteria. It is often associated with atopic dermatitis.
- Cellulitis. Bacterial infection of tissues beneath the skin. Cellulitis manifests as red streaks of skin that are swollen, tender and warm to the touch. It often spreads and has indistinct margins. Cellulitis occurs when a patient’s immune system has been compromised, making it a potentially life-threatening condition that demands prompt medical attention.
Lichen simplex chronicus. A toughening of the skin that manifests as small skin patches that become thickened and leathery with a dull red to brown color. It is caused by repeated scratching of the skin.

Patients should consult a physician if they experience any of the following in relation to their eczema:

Discomfort that causes the patient to lose sleep or become distracted from daily routines
Extremely painful skin
Indications that the skin may be infected
Presence of a fever
Failure to see improvement in eczema despite self-care measures

Diagnosis methods for eczema

To diagnose eczema, a physician will perform a complete physical examination and compile a thorough medical history. Other tests may also be performed. For example, a physician may conduct patch testing that exposes a patient’s skin to various substances to determine if any of the substances inflame the skin, which would be characteristic of contact dermatitis. Allergy testing may occasionally be necessary to identify allergens that may trigger atopic dermatitis.

A physician may also take a scraping of the rash and examine it under a microscope to make sure it is not caused by a fungus. Eczema is usually diagnosed if three conditions are present:

Characteristic scaly rash
Intense itching
Personal or family history of asthma, hay fever or other allergies

Treatment options for eczema

Treatment options for eczema may depend on the type of eczema being treated, and whether it manifests as dry and scaly lesions, dry and thickened lesions or weeping lesions. In general, the goal is to reduce skin inflammation, dryness and itchiness. Medications such as over-the-counter or prescription antihistamines, corticosteroids, antibiotics and antifungal topical creams or ointments may be used. The kinds of treatment are often similar for the different types of eczema. Therefore, in some cases distinguishing between the types is not necessary. Some patients with severe or chronic (ongoing) eczema may wish to consult a dermatologist for treatment.

Other treatments, according to type of eczema, include:

Atopic dermatitis. Corticosteroid creams and lotions are used to ease symptoms. Recently, topical medications called immunomodulators have been used to treat atopic dermatitis. They affect the immune system and help maintain normal skin texture while reducing flare-ups. Patients whose skin cracks open may use wet dressings with a mild astringent to help contract the skin, reduce secretions and prevent infection.
Contact dermatitis. Avoidance of the source of irritation or allergy is the best treatment. Corticosteroid creams or wet dressings provide moisture to the skin that may relieve redness and itching. It may take up to four weeks for this type of dermatitis to clear.
Neurodermatitis. Treatment is focused on getting the patient to avoid scratching or further aggravating the skin. Dressings, corticosteroid lotions and creams, and wet compresses may help soothe skin by reducing inflammation and relieving itch. Sedatives and tranquilizers are also sometimes used to prevent patients from scratching.
Seborrheic dermatitis. Patients are instructed to frequently shampoo while also carefully rinsing the scalp. A specific shampoo may be suggested that contains ingredients such as tar, zinc pyrithione and salicylic acid. Corticosteroid creams and lotions may soothe the skin and relieve itching.
Stasis dermatitis. Treatment focuses on preventing fluid from accumulating in the ankles and lower legs for extended periods. Patients may have to wear elastic support hose or require varicose vein surgery. Wet dressings can also soften the thickened skin and control infection.
Perioral dermatitis. Several months of treatment with oral antibiotics is typically recommended. A mild corticosteroid cream may also be prescribed.
Latex dermatitis. Avoidance is the best treatment for latex dermatitis. This entails ensuring that the patient does not use or come into contact with latex-based products.
Dyshidrotic dermatitis. Topical corticosteroids are usually used to control mild breakouts. More substantial breakouts can be controlled with oral steroids or treatments of PUVA phototherapy (ultraviolet light).

Patients with eczema may also need antibiotics or other treatments if they are diagnosed with an associated secondary infection.

Prevention methods for eczema

Patients with the form of eczema known as contact dermatitis are encouraged to avoid coming into contact with irritating substances – such as poison ivy or harsh soaps – that may trigger the condition.

Many other forms of eczema can be partially or fully prevented by avoiding dry skin. Tips for helping to achieve this goal include:

Bathe less frequently. When possible, people may opt to bathe just two or three times a week, limiting themselves to 15 minutes of bathing in warm – rather than hot – water.
Use mild soaps or synthetic detergents. Mild soaps clean without excessively removing natural oils. Soap substitutes (synthetic detergents) in bar, gel and liquid forms dry the skin less than deodorant and antibacterial soaps. Soap should be used on the face, underarms, genital areas, hands and feet. Clear water can be used elsewhere. Patients should avoid the use of body sponges and washcloths, which can irritate the skin. The hands should be used instead to gently apply soap to the body.
Dry skin carefully. Brush the skin rapidly with the palms of the hands, or gently pat skin dry with a soft towel after bathing.
Moisturize skin. A moisturizer should be applied whenever the skin appears dry. Lotions should be avoided because they often contain fragrances, alcohol and other irritants which can aggravate the skin. Creams, which contain oil and water, and ointments, which contain only oil, are better choices. It is particularly important to apply moisturizers after a bath, especially on the legs, arms, back and the sides of the body. Applying these products to the skin within three minutes of bathing, while the skin is still damp, helps seal in moisture.
Wear gloves in the winter. Exposing skin to cold air with little humidity can dry out skin.

Other tips for preventing eczema or for reducing symptoms associated with the disease include avoiding:

Substances that provoke allergies (allergens), which may trigger atopic dermatitis.
Tight-fitting, rough or scratchy clothing. This can irritate the skin. Wool, linen and some synthetics are especially likely to irritate the skin. Cotton and cotton blends are better choices.
Scratching the rash. Patients who find it difficult to control this urge should cover the area with a dressing or even wear gloves at night to minimize damage to the skin caused by scratching. Keeping short fingernails can help decrease the damage scratching causes the skin.
Strenuous exercise during a flare-up. Sweating can irritate the rash.
Mental and physical stress. Stress can trigger flare-ups. Stress management techniques, such as deep breathing, yoga and meditation can help patients reduce their stress levels. Patients may also benefit from joining an eczema support group.
Contact with solvents and soaking in water. People who use solvents or who use water to clean should wear gloves to protect the skin on their hands.
Sudden changes in temperature and humidity. An increase in temperature can lead to sweating and a decrease in humidity can dry the skin.

In addition, patients with eczema should choose facial cleansers and makeup with care. Products labeled as “hypoallergenic”, “noncomedogenic” and “nonacnegenic” are least likely to irritate the skin. When using a product for the first time, patients should test the product on a small patch of skin that is clear and not irritated.

Deal with Acne

2007-12-30T01:29:00.000-08:00

Reviewed By:
Rana Rofagha Sajjadian, M.D., AAD
Kimberly Bazar, M.D., AAD

About acne

Acne is a very common skin disorder of the pilosebaceous units (PSUs). PSUs consist of sebaceous glands that connect to hair follicles (canals) lined with keratinocytes. The sebaceous glands produce sebum (skin oil). Acne is often inflammatory and is characterized by comedones (clogged pores) and pimples (papules and pustules), due in part to the excessive production of sebum. Acne is not a serious medical condition, and can usually be kept under control with treatment. Although scarring is common, treatment during and after an outbreak can help.

When excessive amounts of sebum and dead keratinocytes accumulate in the hair follicle, they often solidify as a soft plug. The plug may be complete and form a whitehead (closed comedone) or may be incomplete and form a blackhead (open comedone). These plugged, sebum–filled follicles allow overgrowth of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), which are skin bacteria that are normally present in hair follicles. P. acnes break the sebum down into substances that irritate the skin and cause inflammation. This inflammation may lead to pimples, cysts or nodules.

Although acne is not a serious medical condition, it often causes great emotional distress. It may have a significant impact on social relationships, self–esteem or a person’s outlook on life. Many acne sufferers demonstrate social withdrawal, poor body image and feelings of depression, anger and frustration. Acne sufferers may also experience a higher rate of unemployment. Acne myths, such as the belief that acne is linked to poor hygiene, may contribute to this poor social regard.

Acne is the most common skin condition affecting people worldwide. According to the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), nearly 85 percent of all people between the ages of 12 and 24 develop acne and nearly 17 million people in the United States have acne.

Acne is most common in teenagers and usually occurs in puberty (typically between the ages of 10 and 13), when androgens (male sex hormones) increase in both males and females. This increase in androgens causes the sebaceous glands to become bigger and more active.

Although most commonly seen in teenagers, acne can affect people of all ages – even infants. Onset may occur in adulthood or breakouts that began during adolescence may continue into adulthood. Most cases of acne last between five to 10 years.

Typically, the severity of acne decreases by the age of 30, but this is not always the case. It is not uncommon for people in their 20s or 30s to have the condition, and it may continue to affect people in their 40s and 50s. During adolescence, acne is more common in males than in females. In adulthood, it affects women more often than men.

Types and differences of acne

There are many different types of acne. “Common” acne (acne vulgaris) can be divided into four categories according to severity:

Type 1. Predominantly comedones (whiteheads and blackheads) with an occasional small pimple (papule or pustule). Type 1 does not involve scarring.
Type 2. Comedones and more numerous pimples, mainly facial. Type 2 involves mild scarring.
Type 3. Numerous comedones and pimples, spreading to the back, chest and shoulders. Type 3 involves an occasional cyst or nodule and moderate scarring.
Type 4. Numerous large cysts and nodules on face, neck and upper trunk. Type 4 involves severe scarring.

Another common form of acne is acne rosacea (rosacea), which includes facial discoloration (reddening). Other types of less common acne may be characterized by severity and symptoms or by causes. Types of acne categorized by severity and symptoms include:

Acne indurate. Common acne with chronic, discolored, hardened surfaces.
Acne keratosa. Acne that occurs at the corners of the mouth where nodules crust over to form horny plugs.
Acne ciliaris. Acne that occurs at the edges of the eyelids.
Acne papulosa. Acne with papule formation and very little inflammation.
Acne varioliformis. Acne with pustules occurring mostly on the temples and front of the scalp and lesser occurrence on the chest, back or nose.
Acne atrophica. Acne with residual pitting and scarring.
Acne pustulosa. Acne with pustule formation and subsequent deep scars.
Acne urticaria. Acne with itching hives (small swellings on the skin).
Acne conglobata. Acne with abscesses (pus pockets), cysts and depressions that leave scars.
Cystic acne. Acne with cysts.
Acne fulminans. Rare type of acne marked by inflamed, tender, crusting lesions on the upper trunk and face. Acne fulminans occurs suddenly and typically affects adolescent males. It is often accompanied by fever, high levels of white blood cells and an elevated sedimentation rate. It is occasionally accompanied by inflammation in several joints.
Acne keloidalis nuchae. Also called keloid acne. Acne keloidalis involves infection of the hair follicles at the back of the neck. This type of acne causes scars and thickening of the skin, and almost exclusively affects African American men.

Types of acne categorized according to cause include:

Halogen acne. Acne that occurs after exposure to halogens (e.g., bromides, iodine, chlorine).
Chloracne. Type of halogen acne that occurs after exposure to chlorinated chemicals, such as the chlorine used to treat pool water.
Petroleum acne. Acne that occurs in individuals who work with petroleum and oils.
Steroid acne. Acne that results after the systemic or topical use of steroids, including corticosteroids and anabolic steroids. Often occurs predominantly on the upper back and shoulders.
Summer acne. Also called tropical acne. Summer acne occurs in hot, humid weather or is made worse by such weather. It predominantly affects the neck, chest, back and legs, and often occurs in individuals unaccustomed to such climates.

In addition, acne occurring among newborns and infants is known as acne neonatorum.

Risk factors and causes of acne

The actual cause of acne is not known. Contributing factors include:

Overproduction of sebum (skin oil)
Irregular shedding of dead skin cells
Buildup of bacteria
Inflammation or infection

There are many factors that influence these contributing factors and outbreaks after onset, including:

Hormonal changes. These may include changes due to:
- Puberty. Involves increased secretion of androgens (male sex hormones) in both males and females, resulting in increased size and activity of sebaceous glands.
- Menstruation. Women and girls may experience acne outbreaks two to seven days prior to their periods.
- Pregnancy. May improve or worsen acne.
- Oral contraceptives. Women starting or stopping birth control pills may experience an improvement or worsening of acne.
- Stress. Stress may have an affect on hormones, causing individuals undergoing high levels of stress to experience an outbreak or worsening of acne.
- Certain medications. Medications such as corticosteroids, anabolic steroids (such as those used by athletes) and barbiturates may lead to acne outbreaks.
Heredity. Severe acne may have a genetic component.
Allergies and sensitivities. In some people, food and other allergies or intolerances may cause an outbreak of acne. Also, some individuals are more sensitive to the bacteria that cause acne.
Certain chemicals and other substances. Exposure to halogens (e.g., chlorine, fluorine, iodine, bromine) and tar may lead to acne outbreaks. Direct skin exposure to greasy or oily substances (e.g., from scalp or hair, mineral or cooking oils) and certain cosmetics may cause acne.
Friction or pressure on skin. Friction and pressure, such as that caused by telephones, helmets, tight collars and backpacks, may lead to acne outbreaks. Irritation from picking or squeezing acne blemishes, scrubbing the skin too hard or using harsh soaps or chemicals may also cause or worsen acne.
Environmental factors. Humidity, pollution, changes in the season and other environmental factors may lead to an outbreak of acne.

Many factors are widely believed to cause or worsen acne when they actually do not. These include:

Particular foods. Chocolate and greasy foods (e.g., French fries, pizza) are often blamed for acne. In reality, they have no influence on the condition unless an individual has an allergy or intolerance to these items.
Poor hygiene. Acne is caused by a build-up of excessive amounts of sebum. Dirt and sweat are not involved. The belief that poor hygiene is related to acne has led many individuals to harshly scrub their skin to get rid of or to prevent acne. This practice can cause irritation and actually make acne worse.

Signs and symptoms of acne

Acne is characterized by an outbreak of lesions on the skin. These lesions include:

Whiteheads (closed comedones). The openings of the hair follicles become clogged and completely blocked. The soft plug is a white color. These are noninflammatory.
Blackheads (open comedones). The openings of the hair follicles become clogged and partially blocked. The plug darkens and is open to the surface of the skin. These are noninflammatory.
Pimples (papules and pustules). Raised, reddish spots with white centers that signal inflammation or infection in the follicle. These may be without pus (papules) or may contain pus (pustules). They may be tender or painful.
Nodules. Solid, raised reddish bumps.
Cysts. Thick lumps beneath the skin formed by the build–up of secretions deep in the hair follicle.

Acne can occur anywhere on the body, but it is most common in areas with high concentrations of sebaceous glands (e.g., face, neck, chest, shoulders, upper back). Mild (superficial) acne is characterized by whiteheads or blackheads and a few small, mildly irritated pimples and usually do not leave scars. Severe (deep, cystic) acne is characterized by many large, painful nodules and cysts that may join together under the skin into even larger abscesses (pus pockets). Severe acne often leaves scars.

Acne scars may last a lifetime or fade over time. They may appear in many forms, including:

Tiny, deep holes (ice pick scars)
Wide pits of varying depth
Large, irregular indentations
Raised thickened tissue (hypertrophic scars or keloids)

Although over-the-counter acne medications can help treat minor cases of acne, more serious forms of acne require a physician’s attention. Patients should consult with a dermatologist under the following circumstances:

Acne affects the patient emotionally.
Over-the-counter products fail to improve symptoms.
Scars form after lesions clear.
Nodules are present, in addition to whiteheads, blackheads, and reddened spots on the skin.
Darker patches appear on the skin where acne lesions have cleared (in people with dark skin).

People concerned about their acne should contact a dermatologist as early as possible. Early treatment often leads to the best results and helps prevent scarring.

Diagnosis and treatment of acne

Acne is typically treated by a dermatologist (skin specialist). The diagnosis of acne relies upon the patient’s medical history and a physical examination. In most cases, acne is obvious and does not require any additional testing. However, in rare cases the sudden onset of severe acne in older adults may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (an endocrine and hormonal disorder).

In some cases, an acne-like rash can develop as the result of make-up, lotions or medications. Therefore, it is important for patients to provide their physician with an accurate history of all products used on the skin and any medications taken.

The goal of acne treatment is to minimize scarring, prevent further eruptions of blemishes and improve those that are already present. Treatments that work for one patient may not work for another. As a result, certain considerations need to be made when deciding upon treatment. These include:

Acne severity
Types of lesions present
Patient's age
Patient's skin type
Patient’s overall health and medical history
Patient’s tolerance for specific medications, procedures or therapies
Patient and physician’s expectations for the course of the condition
Patient’s opinion or preference

Acne treatments may be local or systemic and generally work by reducing the inflammation in the skin, speeding up skin cell turnover, fighting bacterial infection or a combination of these methods. It is normal to see little or no improvement in the acne for six to eight weeks after starting a medication, and in many cases the acne gets worse before it gets better. When a patient’s acne fails to improve after several weeks of treatment, their physician may change treatment methods

Patients should continue using their acne medication until instructed otherwise, regardless of whether the skin has cleared. Sudden discontinuation of acne medication can lead to a recurrence of acne several weeks later.

In some cases, acne may improve with exposure to a small amount of sun. However, many treatments make the skin more susceptible to sun damage, so patients on these therapies are typically advised to avoid sun exposure.

Acne treatments are numerous and varied. Mild acne requires less extensive treatment and often clears up quickly and with no ill effects. Severe acne may require more powerful treatments that may have serious side effects. Most patients will benefit from a combination of two or more therapies.

Topical treatments are widely available both over-the-counter and in prescription form. Acne lotions, gels and washes may dry up sebum, kill the acne bacteria or promote the proper sloughing of dead skin cells. Over–the–counter topical treatments are generally mild.

Their active ingredients may include benzoyl peroxide, one of the most commonly used topical treatments. Other ingredients include alcohol and acetone, which are used together to reduce oil concentrations and help kill bacteria.

Stronger prescription lotions may be prescribed for moderate to severe acne. These are typically retinoids (vitamin A derivatives) that work by promoting cell turnover and preventing the clogging of hair follicles or topical antibiotics. Topical antibiotics work by killing the bacteria that lead to acne and reducing inflammation.

Oral antibiotics may be prescribed for moderate to severe acne. These reduce bacteria and fight inflammation, but may take months to work. They are often used in combination with topical products. Many oral antibiotics (e.g., isotretinoin) should not be taken by women who are or may become pregnant.

When acne outbreaks coincide with a woman’s monthly period, oral contraceptives may help to control the acne.

Large, inflamed nodules or cysts may be treated by an injection with corticosteroids. It typically takes three to five days after the injection to clear up the treated nodule or cyst.

Physical treatments for acne and the scars left by acne include:

Extraction of comedones. A whitehead or blackhead is opened and extracted with a sterile, pen-sized device, fine needle or blade.
Drainage and surgical extraction. Also called “acne surgery,” this is the drainage and extraction of large cysts. It reduces the pain and decreases the likelihood of scarring.
Chemical peels. Chemicals (e.g., glycolic acid) are applied to the skin in a physician’s office to loosen blackheads and whiteheads and decrease acne papules. This method may eliminate superficial scars by peeling away damaged skin.

Microdermabrasion. Aluminum oxide crystals pass through a vacuum tube to gently scrape away scarred tissue. Multiple treatments may be required for subtle results.
Dermabrasion. A rotating wire brush or spinning diamond instrument is used to wear down the surface of the skin. As the skin heals, a smoother layer replaces the abraded skin. This healing usually takes from 10 days to three weeks.
Subcision. Small cuts are made under the skin to release scar tissue. This often allows skin to resume normal contours and may cosmetically improve wide, indented scars.
Excision and punch replacement graft. A depressed acne scar is surgically removed and replaced with a patch of skin from elsewhere on the patient’s body.
Soft tissue fillers. Small quantities of soft tissues (e.g., collagen, polymer implants, fat) are injected under the skin to elevate depressed scars to skin level.
Laser resurfacing. Short pulses of intense light are used to remove the outer, damaged layer of skin and tighten the middle layer, leaving skin smoother. This procedure can usually be performed in the dermatologist’s office and may take from a few minutes to an hour. It may take from three to 10 days to heal.

Prevention methods for acne

There are several steps that may be taken to prevent acne outbreaks. These may also help prevent current acne from getting worse. They include:

Washing problem areas with gentle cleansers. It is important to wash the face twice daily with a gentle cleanser. It is also important to remove all makeup from the skin. However, excessive washing and scrubbing can irritate the skin. People with acne are typically advised to avoid facial scrubs, astringents, masks and skin abrasion, as these may irritate the skin and cause or worsen acne.
Shampooing hair frequently. This is particularly important when acne tends to develop around the hairline. Oils from the hair and scalp may contribute to acne.
Avoiding irritants. Oily or greasy substances (e.g., cosmetics, sunscreens, hair styling products, acne concealers) may contribute to the development or worsening of acne. Using products labeled “water based” or “noncomedogenic” (does not block pores), "oil-free" or "nonacnegenic" may help avoid this. Patients should also keep hair styling products, such as hairsprays and gels, away from the face.
Exercising caution around problem areas. This includes:
- Keeping hair off the face
- Not resting hands or objects (e.g., telephone receivers, headphones) on the face
- Avoiding tight clothing and hats
Not picking or squeezing blemishes. This can cause infection or scarring and most acne will clear up without this form of intervention.
Shaving carefully. Razors can irritate blemishes. Therefore, patients should shave gently and only when necessary.

Ongoing research regarding acne

Ongoing research is currently investigating many factors in the treatment of acne, including:

New medications. New drugs to treat acne, particularly new topical antibiotics, are being researched. The bacteria that causes acne is becoming resistant to some antibiotics, so other means of treating acne are being evaluated.
New procedures. New laser treatments are currently under investigation. Many of these show a great deal of promise.

A Skin Allergy to Nickel: Signs, Symptoms, and Solutions

2007-12-30T01:20:00.000-08:00

By Crystal sky Experience

" When my son was just a baby he developed red circles where the snaps of his pajamas came in contact with his skin, but I didn't know why, and a skin allergy didn't enter my mind. I thought maybe the snaps were rough, or maybe he had laid on them, and it wasn't until he started wearing jeans with metal buttons that I figured out he was allergic to nickel and other types of cheap metal. I began dressing him in undershirts to avoid a problem, and I didn't think of the possibility of a skin allergy until he was a little older.

Allergy Symptoms

My son was a toddler when I began dressing him in jeans, and he developed a rash on his abdomen that looked similar to a serious burn or a large blister. The location of this rash was where the metal button on his jeans came in contact with his skin. I didn't know what the problem was right away, but after it began occurring on a regular basis, I figured out he was allergic to nickel and other types of cheap metal.

My son is now 12 years old, and I recently asked him to describe how it feels to have a rash caused by cheap metal such as nickel, and he said it's quite painful at times. Not only does it hurt since the skin is peeling, inflamed, and very irritated, but clothing irritates the area even more and causes additional pain. It's important for those who think they are allergic to nickel or other types of cheap metal to prevent contact with nickel or other types of metal to avoid painful skin eruptions in the first place.

Solutions for Snaps and Metal Buttons

Since my son practically lives in jeans with cheap metal snaps, probably made from nickel, I had to find a solution to prevent the snaps from coming in contact with his skin and causing painful allergic reactions. My ex husband came up with the idea of covering the backs of the snaps with duct tape, and this plan works like a charm. Duct tape is a very versatile product, and it enables my son to wear his favorite jeans with cheap metal buttons and snaps. We cut squares of duct tape to cover the buttons and snaps, and since the adhesive is strong, the squares stay on, even while washing and drying his clothes. When the squares begin peeling off, we replace them with new ones.

Items We Take for Granted

Before I realized my son had a skin allergy to nickel and other cheap types of metal, I took for granted many everyday items. Because of his skin allergy, my son can't wear a watch since most have cheap metal buckles. Because of his allergy to nickel, my son can't wear most types of belts. Belt buckles made of nickel or studded with other cheap types of metal cause seriously painful blister-like abrasions. He can't wear neck chains or many other types of jewelry either, unless they're made from titanium or gold. Because of his allergy to nickel and other cheap types of metal, my son couldn't have the eyeglasses he wanted, and I had to purchase plastic frames that he didn't really want. While he slept one night, his hand accidentally came in contact with his cheap metal bed frame, and as a result of his skin allergy, he developed a painful rash on his hand. These are just some of the experiences my son has had, and even ordinary everyday items can cause serious problems for those with an allergy to nickel and other cheap types of metal."

Prebiotics Can Cut Development Of Skin Allergy In Babies At High Risk

2007-12-30T01:18:00.001-08:00

Prebiotics can cut the chances of developing atopic dermatitis in babies at high risk of the disorder, suggests a study published ahead of print in the Archives of Disease in Childhood .

Human breast milk contains natural prebiotics (oligosaccharides), which promote the growth of bacteria, such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria that boost the development of a healthy immune system.This can help prevent allergies in a very young child.

Researchers developed an infant formula based on the prebiotic content of human breast milk and tested it out on a group of babies one of other of whose parents had atopic eczema, or allergic rhinitis, or asthma.

All the mothers were advised to breastfeed their babies, all of whom were born after a normal length pregancy. But for those unable to start or continue, their babies were divided into two groups, with 102 given a prebiotic formula feed and 104 given a normal formula.

The babies were seen on a monthly basis up to the age of 6 months, and their parents kept a symptom diary.

Over the six months, only 10 babies fed the prebiotic formula developed atopic dermatitis, compared with 24 fed the normal formula. An assessment of stool samples from 98 of the babies showed a significant increase in bifidobacteria in those fed the prebiotic feed.

This strongly suggests that formula feed supplemented with prebiotics can modify the bowel bacteria and so reduce the chance of developing atopic dermatitis among children at high risk of the disorder

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Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release.
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Contact: Emma Dickinson
BMJ Specialty Journals

Milk And Egg Allergies Harder To Outgrow

2007-12-30T01:13:00.000-08:00

Considered "transitional" a generation ago, milk and egg allergies now appear to be more persistent and harder to outgrow, according to new research from the Johns Hopkins Children's Center.

In what are believed to be the largest studies to date of children with milk and egg allergies, researchers followed more than 800 patients with milk allergy and nearly 900 with egg allergy over 13 years, finding that, contrary to popular belief, most of these allergies persist well into the school years and beyond. Reports on the two studies appear in the November and December issues of the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

"The bad news is that the prognosis for a child with a milk or egg allergy appears to be worse than it was 20 years ago," says lead investigator Robert Wood, M.D., head of Allergy & Immunology at Hopkins Children's. "Not only do more kids have allergies, but fewer of them outgrow their allergies, and those who do, do so later than before."

Researchers caution that their findings may reflect the fact that relatively more severe cases end up at Hopkins Children's, but they believe there is a trend toward more severe, more persistent allergies.

The findings also give credence to what pediatricians have suspected for some time: More recently diagnosed food allergies, for still-unknown reasons, behave more unpredictably and more aggressively than cases diagnosed in the past. "We may be dealing with a different kind of disease process than we did 20 years ago," Wood says. "Why this is happening we just don't know."

Earlier research suggested that three-quarters of children with milk allergy outgrew their condition by age 3, but the Johns Hopkins team found that just one-fifth of children in their studies outgrew their allergy by age 4, and only 42 percent outgrew it by age 8. By age 16, 79 percent were allergy-free.

Similar trends were seen in the egg-allergy group. Only 4 percent outgrew this allergy by age 4, 37 percent by age 10, and 68 percent by age 16.

The Hopkins Children's team found that a child's blood levels of milk and egg antibodies-the immune chemicals produced in response to allergens-were a reliable predictor of disease behavior: The higher the level of antibodies, the less likely it was that a child would outgrow the allergy any time soon. Pediatricians should use antibody test results when counseling parents about their child's prognosis, researchers say.

One encouraging finding: Some children lost their allergies during adolescence, which is later than believed possible, suggesting that doctors should continue to test patients well into early adulthood to check if they may have lost their allergies.

Milk and egg allergies are the two most common food allergies in the United States, affecting 3 percent and 2 percent of children, respectively.

Co-investigators in the two studies: Justin Skripak, M.D., Jessica Savage, M. D., Elizabeth Matsui, M.D., M.H.S, Kim Mudd, R.N., all of Hopkins Children's.

The studies were funded in part by the National Institutes of Health and supported by the Eudowood Foundation, the Food Allergy Initiative and Julie and Neil Reinhard. Wood is a consultant for Dey Pharmaceuticals and has received support from Merck and Genentech.

Founded in 1912 as the children's hospital of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, the Johns Hopkins Children's Center offers one of the most comprehensive pediatric medical programs in the country, treating more than 90,000 children each year. U.S. News & World Report ranks Hopkins Children's among the top three children's hospitals in the nation. Hopkins Children's is Maryland's only state-designated Trauma Service and Burn Unit for pediatric patients. It has recognized Centers of Excellence in 20 pediatric subspecialties including cardiology, transplant, psychiatric illnesses and genetic disorders. For more information, please visit: http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org

Johns Hopkins Medicine
901 S. Bond St., Ste 550
Baltimore, MD 21231
United States
http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org

Babies Exposed To Secondhand Smoke Have Higher Risk Of Developing Allergies

2007-12-30T01:07:00.001-08:00

New research released has found that babies exposed to secondhand smoke are almost twice as likely to develop allergies to inhaled allergens such as animal hair as infants who are not exposed to tobacco smoke. Children whose parents smoke are almost 50% more likely to be allergic to certain foods. [1]

The findings are based on parental survey responses from more than 4000 families about their children's allergies and environmental factors to which they were exposed before and after birth. These included parental smoking, pet dander (animal hair and dead skin) and foodstuffs.

One in 12 mothers smoked throughout pregnancy and one in 8 smoked during part of the pregnancy. The researchers found no evidence that smoking while pregnant affected a child's risk of becoming sensitised to a certain allergen. But there was a dose-response effect for exposure to secondhand smoke during the first weeks of life and markers for sensitisation. Furthermore, the effect of secondhand smoke exposure was stronger among children with non-allergic parents than among those with parents who had allergies.

Amanda Sandford, Research Manager of the health campaigning charity ASH, said:

"This study provides yet more evidence of the need to ensure that babies and young children are not exposed to tobacco smoke. Whilst the development of some allergies may not be fully understood, this research shows that one way of substantially reducing the risk is by banning smoking in the home.

The study adds to the already substantial body of evidence of the harmful impacts of secondhand smoke on children, particularly in the early years of development. [2] Simply restricting smoking to certain rooms does not offer enough protection to infants and families should therefore make every effort to make their homes smokefree to give their children the best possible start in life. "

Notes:

[1] Lannero E et al. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and sensitisation in children. Thorax 2007

[2] Going smoke-free. The medical case for clean air in the home, at work and in public places. Royal College of Physicians, London, 2005

http://www.ash.org.uk

Five Great Ways To Be Allergy-Free

2007-12-29T07:41:00.000-08:00

By Richard Shames, M.D.& Karilee Shames, R.N., Ph.D.

About.com Health's Disease and Condition content is reviewed by our Medical Review Board

As allergy season progresses, you may be wishing for more effective relief. People with thyroid and other autoimmune problems generally have greater-than-average difficulty with their allergic symptoms.

There are, however, some very useful natural remedies ideal for your particular needs. These may be utilized in addition to, and often instead of, the harsher and more expensive chemical medicines.

Below is a sampling of successful maneuvers from twenty-five years of our thyroid and general medical practice. Please consider this list a menu rather than a prescription.

REVITALIZE YOUR VITAMINS - Make sure you are taking a hypoallergenic multivitamin with chelated minerals. Good daily doses of superb additional items are 500 mg of the B vitamin pantothenic acid; 2000 mg of ester-type vitamin C; 1200 mg of the bioflavenoid quercetin; and four capsules of mullein. Excellent proprietary items include the herb Perilla Seed from Metagenics. Two pills daily lowers your allergy threshold, while two daily of Butterbur from Life Extension make an effective decongestant.

IMPROVE YOUR INDOOR AIR - Night time breathing is a surprising factor in daytime allergy symptoms. Have your windows closed from mid-night to noon to keep most of the pollen out. Air conditioning is also a great help. Do frequent laundry runs and vacuuming of your sleeping space. Be ruthless with bedroom clutter, so as to eliminate dust catchers, such as throw rugs, extra pillows, books, papers, and junk. Equally important: always sleep near a HEPA air filter.

EAT YOUR WAY TO SUCCESS - Paying attention to your food sensitivities has a way of making the pollen allergies better. You are likely to be overtly sensitive to whatever has disagreed with you in the past. Moreover, you probably have a hidden sensitivity to the food you crave most, be it bread, chocolate, corn chips, or dairy. Eating a “sensitive” food less frequently (perhaps only every other day or every third day) will augment your allergy relief. For added benefit, try eating more natural whole food, and less artificial sweeteners. Synthetic chemicals are like a metabolic monkey wrench for allergy sufferers.

PURSUE POSITIVE THINKING - How could this help? Simple: Our immune system over-reaction to the microenvironment corresponds to our being overly “defensive” in the social environment. That connection has now been confirmed by researchers. Start doing whatever it will take for you to be less fearful or worried or anxious. This can be quite a task, but well worth it in terms of an immune system that has far fewer hair-trigger responses to pollen and dust.

HONOR YOUR HORMONE BALANCE -- This could be your most important remedy of all. Fine tune your thyroid-adrenal-sex gland levels, and you may not need anything else. Well-balanced hormones lead to a better balanced immune system. Why not check these three glands with one inexpensive self-ordered home saliva test? (Tests are available from www.canaryclub.org) Sensitive saliva testing may show a correctable imbalance, despite a good health regimen and/or normal blood tests. You can re-adjust your levels, often with simple over-the-counter remedies, and your allergies will generally be quite improved. (One of many information sources for non-prescription hormone balancers is our book, Feeling Fat, Fuzzy, or Frazzled? Hudson/Penguin, 2005)

Here’s wishing you less sneezing, less dripping, and great lasting relief.

Richard L. Shames MD & Karilee H. Shames PhD, RN are authors of two popular books for thyroid patients, Thyroid Power and Feeling Fat, Fuzzy and Frazzled?. Both experts provide telephone coaching for optimal wellness. More information is available about their coaching sessions at their site.

Researcher develops allergy-free peanuts

2007-12-29T07:28:00.001-08:00

by Jennifer Guevin

People with life-threatening allergies to peanuts might be able to rest easy at their friendly neighborhood Thai restaurants soon, if research announced this week proves true.

A release from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University says researcher Mohamed Ahmedna has developed whole, roasted peanuts in which the allergen is completely inactivated and that serum from people with severe peanut allergies did not react to the processed peanuts at all. The university paper does not explain the process at all. However, it claims the technique inactivates peanut allergens without degrading the taste or quality of treated peanuts.

Between 1.5 million and 3 million Americans have a peanut allergy (the number varies widely among different studies), and peanuts account for 80 percent of fatal or near-fatal allergic reactions each year, according to the Mayo Clinic. And the number of people with peanut and tree nut allergies has increased dramatically in recent years. Peanut allergies can be particularly dangerous because food in restaurants and manufacturing plants often comes into contact with equipment contaminated with traces of peanut oil.

The university is looking for a way to commercialize the allergy-free peanuts, which could be very good news for peanut-allergic people, many of whom have to cautiously inspect package labels and inquire about the use of peanut oil in restaurant kitchens.